The MASSIVE Survey - VII. The Relationship of Angular Momentum, Stellar Mass and Environment of Early-Type Galaxies

Abstract

We analyse the environmental properties of 370 local early-type galaxies (ETGs) in the MASSIVE and ATLAS3D surveys, two complementary volume-limited integral-field spectroscopic (IFS) galaxy surveys spanning absolute $K$-band magnitude $-21.5>M_K>-26.6$, or stellar mass $8\times 10^9<M_{\ast }<2\times 10^{12}{M}_{\odot }$. We find these galaxies to reside in a diverse range of environments measured by four methods: group membership (whether a galaxy is a brightest group/cluster galaxy, satellite, or isolated), halo mass, large-scale mass density (measured over a few Mpc), and local mass density (measured within the $N$th neighbour). The spatially resolved IFS stellar kinematics provide robust measurements of the spin parameter ${\lambda }_e$ and enable us to examine the relationship among ${\lambda }_e$, $M_{\ast }$, and galaxy environment. We find a strong correlation between ${\lambda }_e$ and $M_{\ast }$, where the average ${\lambda }_e$ decreases from $\sim 0.4$ to below 0.1 with increasing mass, and the fraction of slow rotators $f_{\mathrm{slow}}$ increases from $\sim 10$% to 90%. We show for the first time that at fixed $M_{\ast }$, there are almost no trends between galaxy spin and environment; the apparent kinematic morphology-density relation for ETGs is therefore primarily driven by $M_{\ast }$ and is accounted for by the joint correlations between $M_{\ast }$ and spin, and between $M_{\ast }$ and environment. A possible exception is that the increased $f_{\mathrm{slow}}$ at high local density is slightly more than expected based only on these joint correlations. Our results suggest that the physical processes responsible for building up the present-day stellar masses of massive galaxies are also very efficient at reducing their spin, in any environment.

arXiv commentAccepted to MNRAS

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