The Sloan Lens ACS Survey. X. Stellar, Dynamical, and Total Mass Correlations of Massive Early-type Galaxies

Abstract

We use stellar masses, photometry, lensing, and velocity dispersions to investigate empirical correlations for the final sample of 73 early-type lens galaxies (ETGs) from the SLACS survey. The traditional correlations (Fundamental Plane [FP] and its projections) are consistent with those found for non-lens galaxies, supporting the thesis that SLACS lens galaxies are representative of massive ETGs. The addition of strong lensing estimates of the total mass allows us to gain further insights into their internal structure: i) the mean slope of the total mass density profile is <gamma'> = 2.078+/-0.027 with an intrinsic scatter of 0.16+/-0.02; ii) gamma' correlates with effective radius and central mass density, in the sense that denser galaxies have steeper profiles; iii) the dark matter fraction within reff/2 is a monotonically increasing function of galaxy mass and size; iv) the dimensional mass M_dim is proportional to the total mass, and both increase more rapidly than stellar mass M*; v) the Mass Plane (MP), obtained by replacing surface brightness with surface mass density in the FP, is found to be tighter and closer to the virial relation than the FP and the M*P, indicating that the scatter of those relations is dominated by stellar population effects; vi) we construct the Fundamental Hyper-Plane by adding stellar masses to the MP and find the M* coefficient to be consistent with zero and no residual intrinsic scatter. Our results demonstrate that the dynamical structure of ETGs is not scale invariant and that it is fully specified by the total mass, r_eff, and sigma. Although the basic trends can be explained qualitatively in terms of varying star formation efficiency as a function of halo mass and as the result of dry and wet mergers, reproducing quantitatively the observed correlations and their tightness may be a significant challenge for galaxy formation models.

16 pages, 9 figures; submitted to ApJ after responding to the referee comments

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• Euclid: A complete Einstein ring in NGC 6505
• Difference Imaging of Lensed Quasar Candidates in the SDSS Supernova Survey Region
• Properties and observables of massive galaxies in self-interacting dark matter cosmologies
• The dynamical structure of broken power-law and double power-law models for dark matter haloes
• Origin of the fundamental plane of elliptical galaxies in the Coma Cluster without fine-tuning
• The X-shooter Lens Survey - II. Sample presentation and spatially resolved kinematics
• Quantifying the structure of strong gravitational lens potentials with uncertainty-aware deep neural networks
• TDCOSMO VIII: A key test of systematics in the hierarchical method of time-delay cosmography
• Discovering Strongly-lensed QSOs From Unresolved Light Curves
• The Unusually High Halo Concentration of the Fossil Group NGC 6482: Evidence for Weak Adiabatic Contraction
• Post-Newtonian $\gamma$-like parameters and the gravitational slip in scalar-tensor and $f(R)$ theories
• A strong-lensing elliptical galaxy in the MaNGA survey
• On the cosmic distance duality relation and the strong gravitational lens power law density profile
• Exploring the low-mass regime of galaxy-scale strong lensing: Insights into the mass structure of cluster galaxies
• Surface Brightness and Intrinsic Luminosity of Ellipticals
• The MAGPI Survey: Impact of environment on the total internal mass distribution of galaxies in the last 5 Gyr
• Project Dinos II: Redshift evolution of dark and luminous matter density profiles in strong-lensing elliptical galaxies across 0.1 < z < 0.9
• Variation of the low-mass end of the stellar initial mass function with redshift and metallicity
• The COSMOS-Web Lens Survey (COWLS) I: Discovery of >100 high redshift strong lenses in contiguous JWST imaging
• Testing cosmic opacity with the combination of strongly lensed and unlensed supernova Ia
• Measuring the total and baryonic mass profiles of the very massive CASSOWARY 31 strong lens. A fossil system at z ~ 0.7?
• Reconstructing the extended structure of multiple sources strongly lensed by the ultra-massive elliptical galaxy SDSS J0100+1818
• Mild radial variations of the stellar IMF in the bulge of M31
• Testing the Universality of the Stellar IMF with Chandra and HST
• SIDM Concerto: Compilation and Data Release of Self-interacting Dark Matter Zoom-in Simulations
• Constraining a possible time-variation of the speed of light along with the fine-structure constant using strong gravitational lensing and Type Ia supernovae observations
• Pixelated Reconstruction of Foreground Density and Background Surface Brightness in Gravitational Lensing Systems using Recurrent Inference Machines
• Golden gravitational lensing systems from the Sloan Lens ACS Survey. II. SDSS J1430+4105: A precise inner total mass profile from lensing alone
• Diagnostics of Baryonic Cooling in Lensing Galaxies
• Testing a simple recipe for estimating galaxy masses from minimal observational data
• Direct Measurements of the magnification produced by galaxy clusters as gravitational lenses
• Deep Learning in Wide-field Surveys: Fast Analysis of Strong Lenses in Ground-based Cosmic Experiments
• The SLACS strong lens sample, debiased
• AGEL: Is the Conflict Real? Investigating Galaxy Evolution Models using Strong Lensing at 0.3 < z < 0.9
• Modeling Increased Metal Production in Galaxy Clusters with Pair-Instability Supernovae
• On Galaxies and Homology
• Discovery of two Einstein crosses from massive post--blue nugget galaxies at z>1 in KiDS
• MaNGA DynPop -- IV. Stacked total density profile of galaxy groups and clusters from combining dynamical models of integral-field stellar kinematics and galaxy-galaxy lensing
• A Trail of the Invisible: Blue Globular Clusters Trace the Radial Density Distribution of the Dark Matter -- Case Study of NGC 4278
• VLT adaptive optics search for luminous substructures in the lens galaxy towards SDSS J0924+0219
• Strongly Lensed Jets, Time Delays, and the Value of H0
• Dark matter inside early-type galaxies as function of mass and redshift
• Probing the dark matter density evolution law with large scale structures
• Serendipitous discovery of a strong-lensed galaxy in integral field spectroscopy from MUSE
• Can we use Weak Lensing to Measure Total Mass Profiles of Galaxies on 20 kiloparsec Scales?
• Cosmography using strong lensing systems and cosmic chronometers
• SEAGLE--III: Towards resolving the mismatch in the dark-matter fraction in early-type galaxies between simulations and observations
• The Entire Virial Radius of the Fossil Cluster RXJ1159+5531: II. Dark Matter and Baryon Fraction
• Galaxy-scale gravitational lens candidates from the Hyper Suprime-Cam imaging survey and the Galaxy And Mass Assembly spectroscopic survey
• Dynamical masses of brightest cluster galaxies II: constraints on the stellar IMF
• How much dark matter is there inside early-type galaxies?
• CASCO: Cosmological and AStrophysical parameters from Cosmological simulations and Observations -- I. Constraining physical processes in local star-forming galaxies
• Early-Type Galaxies: Elliptical and S0 Galaxies, or Fast and Slow Rotators
• Implications of galaxy buildup for putative IMF variations in massive galaxies
• Probing Gravitational Slip with Strongly Lensed Fast Radio Bursts
• Strong Lensing and $H_0$
• The stellar mass function and efficiency of galaxy formation with a varying initial mass function
• Measuring gravitational lens time delays using low-resolution radio monitoring observations
• Interlopers speak out: studying the dark universe using small-scale lensing anisotropies
• Comparing Lensing and Stellar Orbital Models of a Nearby Massive Strong-Lens Galaxy
• What to expect when using globular clusters as tracers of the total mass distribution in Milky Way-mass galaxies
• The central dark matter fraction of massive early-type galaxies
• Successful application of PSF-R techniques to the case of the globular cluster NGC6121 (M4)
• The Observable Supernova Rate in Galaxy-Galaxy Lensing Systems with the TESS Satellite
• El Gordo needs El Anzuelo: Probing the structure of cluster members with multi-band extended arcs in JWST data
• Strong lens search in the ESO public Survey KiDS
• The fundamental plane of evolving red nuggets
• Velocity Dispersion ${\sigma }_{\mathrm{aper}}$ Aperture Corrections as a Function of Galaxy Properties from Integral-field Stellar Kinematics of 10,000 MaNGA Galaxies
• MaNGA DynPop -- VI. Matter density slopes from dynamical models of 6000 galaxies versus cosmological simulations: the interplay between baryonic and dark matter
• Investigating the Dark Matter Halo of NGC 5128 using a Discrete Dynamical Model
• Shell galaxies: kinematical signature of shells, satellite galaxy disruption and dynamical friction
• Anisotropic strong lensing as a probe of dark matter self-interactions
• The Hot Interstellar Medium
• Early-type galaxy density profiles from IllustrisTNG: III. Effects on outer kinematic structure
• Lessons from a blind study of simulated lenses: image reconstructions do not always reproduce true convergence
• Strong and weak lensing of Gravitational Waves: a semi-analytical approach
• A test of the evolution of gas depletion factor in galaxy clusters using strong gravitational lensing systems
• SHARP -- IX. The dense, low-mass perturbers in B1938+666 and J0946+1006: implications for cold and self-interacting dark matter
• The quantity of dark matter in early-type galaxies and its relation to the environment
• Faster than SAM: An empirical model for the tidal evolution of dark matter substructure around strong gravitational lenses
• Dark matter in massive galaxies
• Lens Modeling of STRIDES Strongly Lensed Quasars using Neural Posterior Estimation
• Velocity dispersion function evolution from strong lensing statistics
• Photometric redshift estimation of strongly lensed galaxies
• Do gravitational lens galaxies have an excess of luminous substructure?
• The Fundamental Plane in the hierarchical context
• Is the 2008 NASA/ESA double Einstein ring actually a ringhole signature?
• The scaling relations of galaxies back in time: the road toward virialization
• Baryonic and Leptonic GeV Dark Matter
• Testing the coincidence problem with strong gravitational lens, Type Ia supernovae and Hubble parameter observational data
• Total and dark mass from observations of galaxy centers with Machine Learning
• A spectroscopically confirmed z=1.327 galaxy-scale deflector magnifying a z~8 Lyman-Break galaxy in the Brightest of Reionizing Galaxies survey
• Elliptical multipoles for gravitational lenses
• A new way to test the WIMP dark matter models
• The SLACS strong lens sample, debiased. II. Lensing-only constraints on the stellar IMF and dark matter contraction in early-type galaxies
• Modeling Strong Lenses from Wide-Field Ground-Based Observations in KiDS and GAMA
• Simulation-guided galaxy evolution inference: A case study with strong lensing galaxies
• Pixel-level modelling of group-scale strong lens CASSOWARY 19
• The COSMOS-Web Lens Survey (COWLS) II: depth, resolution, and NIR coverage from JWST reveal 17 spectacular lenses
• TDCOSMO: XX. WFI2033--4723, the First Quadruply-Imaged Quasar Modeled with JWST Imaging
• New Analysis of Dark Matter in Elliptical Galaxies
• Probing General Relativity in galactic scales at z $\sim 0.3$
• Strong Lensing of High-Energy Neutrinos
• A new framework for understanding the evolution of early-type galaxies
• Total mass slopes and enclosed mass constrained by globular cluster system dynamics
• The discrepancy between Einstein mass and dynamical mass for SIS and power-law mass models
• Predicted multiply-imaged X-ray AGNs in the XXL survey
• Strong-lensing and kinematic analysis of CASSOWARY 31: can strong lensing constrain the masses of multi-plane lenses?
• A new strategy for matching observed and simulated lensing galaxies
• Constraining galaxy properties with complete samples of lenses
• Gravitational lenses in the dark Universe
• Searching for strong lensing by late-type galaxies in UNIONS
• Deep Extragalactic VIsible Legacy Survey (DEVILS): DR1 Blended Spectra Search for Candidate Strong Gravitational Lenses
• Discovery of a Low-mass Strong-lens System in SMACS J0723.3-7327
• Revisiting the effect of lens mass models in cosmological applications of strong gravitational lensing
• Macromodel-free flux-ratio prediction in quadruply imaged quasars with local constraints from lensed arcs
• A strong lensing model of the galaxy cluster PSZ1 G311.65-18.48
• Reducing false positives in strong lens detection through effective augmentation and ensemble learning
• Analysis of luminosity distributions and shape parameters of strong gravitational lensing elliptical galaxies
• A Joint Analysis of Strong Lensing and Type Ia Supernovae to Determine the Hubble Constant
• A doubled double hotspot in J0816+5003 and the logarithmic slope of the lensing potential
• A compact group lens modeled with GIGA-Lens: Enhanced inference for complex systems
• Investigating the Redshift Evolution of Lensing Galaxy Density Slopes via Model-Independent Distance Ratios
• Using Strong Lensing to Detect Subhalos with Steep Inner Density Profiles
• Stellar masses calibrated with micro-lensed quasars
• LenNet: Direct Detection and Localization of Strong Gravitational Lenses in Wide-Field Sky Survey Images
• Study of central light distribution in nearby early-type galaxies hosting nuclear star clusters
• Is there a tilt in the fundamental (hyper)plane?
• Connection between dynamically derived IMF normalisation and stellar populations
• Systematics in ETG Mass Profile Modelling: Strong Lensing & Stellar Dynamics
• Deep inference of simulated strong lenses in ground-based surveys
• Dynamical Mass Determinations and Scaling Relations of Early-Type Galaxies
• Measuring angular diameter distances of strong gravitational lenses
• Measuring the Stellar-to-Halo Mass Relation at $\sim 10^{10}$ Solar masses, using forthcoming space-based imaging of galaxy-galaxy strong lenses
• Lenses In VoicE (LIVE): Searching for strong gravitational lenses in the VOICE@VST survey using Convolutional Neural Networks
• Velocity dispersion functions of pressure-supported galaxies in EAGLE simulations with varying active galactic nucleus feedback
• A Multiwavelength Portrait of the 3C 220.3 Lensed System
• The catalogue of virtual early-type galaxies from IllustrisTNG: validation and real observation consistency
• The lens SW05 J143454.4+522850: a fossil group at redshift 0.6?
• Galaxy And Mass Assembly: A Comparison between Galaxy-Galaxy Lens Searches in KiDS/GAMA
• SHARP VIII: J0924+0219 lens mass distribution and time-delay prediction through adaptive-optics imaging
• TDCOSMO XXI. Accurate stellar velocity dispersions of the SL2S lens sample and the fundamental plane of the lensing mass
• A Parameter Space Exploration of High Resolution Numerically Evolved Early Type Galaxies Including AGN Feedback and Accurate Dynamical Treatment of Stellar Orbits
• New Dynamical Measurements from a Lensed Quasar Sample: Joint Analysis Constrains the Mass Profile Evolution of Lens Galaxies
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: A Catalogue of Spectroscopically Detected Strong Galaxy-Galaxy Lens Candidates
• A Salpeter IMF and an NFW halo: Disentangling the dark and stellar mass of an elliptical galaxy through precise lens modelling of a double-source-plane system
• Testing General Relativity on Galactic Scales via DESI-BAO and Strong Lensing: Circumventing Assumptions on the Hubble Constant, Sound Horizon, and Dark Energy
• Milky-Way-like stars in a galaxy core 8 billion years ago revealed by gravitational lensing
• The $10\mathrm{kpc}$ collar of early-type galaxies -- probing evolution by focusing on the inner stellar density profile
• Newcomers and suburbanites can drive the evolution of the size-stellar mass relation of early type galaxies in galaxy clusters
• Identification of gravitational lenses obscured by foreground light in the KiDS dataset using U-Nets and ResNets
• Systematic variation of central mass density slope in early-type galaxies