Is there a tilt in the fundamental (hyper)plane?

Abstract

We investigate the fundamental plane (FP) of selected early-type (ETG) member galaxies of the galaxy cluster PLCK G287.0+32.9 ($z_c=0.3833$), exploring also four-dimensional hyperplane extensions. We measure ETGs structural parameters and photometry from Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations. We use high-quality spectroscopic data from the Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) to measure the galaxy central stellar velocity dispersions and stellar population properties. With this data, we construct the FP through a robust fitting procedure and analyze its tilt and scatter. We then introduce two hyperplane extensions, one including the stellar mass ($M^{\star }$-HP) and another including the stellar over total mass fraction ($f_{\mathrm{e}}^{\star }$-HP), and compare their coefficients and scatter to those of the FP. The FP of PLCK G287.0+32.9 is found to have best-fit parameter values consistent with those in the literature ($\alpha =1.2\pm 0.1$ and $\beta =-0.75\pm 0.05$), with a scatter of $0.09$ dex. The ($f_{\mathrm{e}}^{\star }$-HP) shows no tilt compared to the theoretical plane ($\alpha =2.1\pm 0.2$ and $\beta =-1.12\pm 0.07$), with a scatter of $0.042$ dex, and the ($M^{\star }$-HP) reveals an even tighter relation, with a scatter of only $0.023$. Our findings support the idea that the FP is a lower-dimensional projection of a more complex hyperplane and confirm that the variations in the dark matter content contribute significantly to the tilt of the FP. Future studies incorporating larger samples of galaxies and additional physical parameters may further refine our understanding of the FP and its higher-dimensional extensions.

Published in Astronomy and Astrophysics on 15 August 2025

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