The Fundamental Plane of massive quiescent galaxies out to z~2

Abstract

The Fundamental Plane (FP) of early-type galaxies, relating the effective radius, velocity dispersion, and surface brightness, has long been recognized as a unique tool for analyzing galaxy structure and evolution. With the discovery of distant quiescent galaxies and the introduction of high sensitivity near-infrared spectrographs, it is now possible to explore the FP out to z~2. In this Letter we study the evolution of the FP out to z~2 using kinematic measurements of massive quiescent galaxies ($M_{\ast }>10^{11}{M}_{\odot }$). We find preliminary evidence for the existence of an FP out to z~2. The scatter of the FP, however, increases from z~0 to z~2, even when taking into account the larger measurement uncertainties at higher redshifts. We find a strong evolution of the zero point from z~2 to z~0: $\Delta {\log }_{10}M/L_g\propto (-0.49\pm 0.03)z$. In order to assess whether our spectroscopic sample is representative of the early-type galaxy population at all redshifts, we compare their rest-frame g-z colors with those from a larger mass complete sample of quiescent galaxies. At z>1 we find that the spectroscopic sample is bluer. We use the color offsets to estimate a mass-to-light ratio (M/L) correction. The implied FP zero point evolution after correction is significantly smaller: $\Delta {\log }_{10}M/L_g\propto (-0.39\pm 0.02)z$. This is consistent with an apparent formation redshift of $z_{\mathrm{form}}=6.62_{-1.44}^{+3.19}$ for the underlying population, ignoring the effects of progenitor bias. A more complete spectroscopic sample is required at z~2 to properly measure the M/L evolution from the FP evolution.

arXiv commentAccepted for publication in ApJ, 6 pages, 3 figures, 1 table

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