The extragalactic $\gamma$-ray background: imprints from the physical properties and evolution of star-forming galaxy populations

Abstract

Star-forming galaxies (SFGs) harbour an abundant reservoir of cosmic rays (CRs). At GeV energies, these CRs undergo interactions with their environment to produce $\gamma$-rays, and the unresolved $\gamma$-ray emission from populations of SFGs forms a component of the isotropic extragalactic $\gamma$-ray background (EGB). In this work, we investigate the contribution to the 0.01 - 50 GeV EGB from SFG populations located up to redshift $z=3$. We find this is dominated by starbursts, while the contribution from main sequence SFGs is marginal at all energies. We also demonstrate that most of the $\gamma$-ray contribution from SFGs emanates from low mass galaxies, with over 80 per cent of the emission originating from galaxies with stellar masses below $10^8{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$. Many of these galaxies are located at relatively high redshift, with their peak EGB contribution arising $\sim$ 700 Myr before the noon of cosmic star-formation. We find that the precise redshift distributions of EGB sources at different energies imprint intensity signatures at different angular scales, which may allow their contribution to be distinguished using analyses of small-scale EGB intensity anisotropies, particularly if the diffuse EGB is dominated by hadronic CR-driven $\gamma$-ray emission from SFGs. We show that the EGB is sensitive to the evolution of low mass populations of galaxies, particularly around $z\sim 2.5$, and that it provides a new means to probe the engagement of CRs in these galaxies before the high noon of cosmic star-formation.

arXiv comment14 pages, 8 figures, 2 tables. Accepted for publication in MNRAS (v2: updated to match accepted version)

References in corpus (104)

• The Global Schmidt Law in Star Forming Galaxies
• Cosmological parameters from SDSS and WMAP
• Cosmic Star Formation History
• The EAGLE project: Simulating the evolution and assembly of galaxies and their environments
• How Massive Single Stars End their Life
• CANDELS: The Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey
• Mass and environment as drivers of galaxy evolution in SDSS and zCOSMOS and the origin of the Schechter function
• The reversal of the star formation-density relation in the distant universe
• Multiwavelength study of massive galaxies at z~2. I. Star formation and galaxy growth
• The EAGLE simulations of galaxy formation: calibration of subgrid physics and model variations
• 3D-HST+CANDELS: The Evolution of the Galaxy Size-Mass Distribution since $z=3$
• Progenitors of core-collapse supernovae
• GOODS-Herschel: an infrared main sequence for star-forming galaxies
• Detection of quiescent galaxies in a bicolor sequence from z=0-2
• Power Spectra for Cold Dark Matter and its Variants
• The lesser role of starbursts for star formation at z=2
• The Herschel view of the dominant mode of galaxy growth from z=4 to the present day
• The spectrum of isotropic diffuse gamma-ray emission between 100 MeV and 820 GeV
• Inferring the star-formation histories of massive quiescent galaxies with BAGPIPES: Evidence for multiple quenching mechanisms
• Molecular Gas and Star Formation in Nearby Disk Galaxies
• Re-examining Larson's Scaling Relationships in Galactic Molecular Clouds
• Mass Limits For Black Hole Formation
• Structural Parameters of Galaxies in CANDELS
• The Herschel PEP/HerMES Luminosity Function. I: Probing the Evolution of PACS selected Galaxies to z~4
• A General Model for the CO-H2 Conversion Factor in Galaxies with Applications to the Star Formation Law
• Parametrization of gamma-ray production cross-sections for pp interactions in a broad proton energy range from the kinematic threshold to PeV energies
• Parameterization of Gamma, e^+/- and Neutrino Spectra Produced by p-p Interaction in Astronomical Environment
• The Evolution of the Galaxy Stellar Mass Function at z= 4-8: A Steepening Low-mass-end Slope with Increasing Redshift
• The mass evolution of the first galaxies: stellar mass functions and star formation rates at $4<z<7$ in the CANDELS GOODS-South field
• The galaxy stellar mass function at 3.5<z<7.5 in the CANDELS/UDS, GOODS-South, and HUDF fields
• Strong evidences of hadron acceleration in Tycho's Supernova Remnant
• Mach Number Dependence of Turbulent Magnetic Field Amplification: Solenoidal versus Compressive Flows
• Science with the Cherenkov Telescope Array
• Star-Forming Galaxies at Cosmic Noon
• Dust temperature and mid-to-total infrared color distributions for star-forming galaxies at 0<z<4
• The Origin of the Extragalactic Gamma-Ray Background and Implications for Dark-Matter Annihilation
• Star-forming galaxies as the origin of diffuse high-energy backgrounds: Gamma-ray and neutrino connections, and implications for starburst history
• On The GeV & TeV Detections of the Starburst Galaxies M82 & NGC 253
• The evolution of star formation histories of quiescent galaxies
• Extragalactic Background Light from Hierarchical Galaxy Formation: Gamma-ray Attenuation up to the Epoch of Cosmic Reionization and the First Stars
• Contribution of the Gamma-ray Loud Radio Galaxies Core Emissions to the Cosmic MeV and GeV Gamma-Ray Background Radiation
• On the dust temperatures of high redshift galaxies
• Gamma rays from molecular clouds
• The nature of the Diffuse Gamma-Ray Background
• Diffuse $\gamma$-ray emission from misaligned active galactic nuclei
• The CO luminosity and CO-H2 conversion factor of diffuse ISM: does CO emission trace dense molecular gas?
• The Blazar Sequence and the Cosmic Gamma-Ray Background Radiation in the Fermi Era
• The evolution of the galaxy stellar mass function over the last twelve billion years from a combination of ground-based and HST surveys
• Anisotropies in the diffuse gamma-ray background measured by the Fermi LAT
• The $\gamma$-ray Emission of Star-Forming Galaxies
• Cosmic Gamma-Ray Background from Star-Forming Galaxies
• Components of the Extragalactic Gamma Ray Background
• Probability Distribution Functions OF 12CO(J = 1-0) Brightness and Integrated Intensity in M51: The PAWS View
• Timing the earliest quenching events with a robust sample of massive quiescent galaxies at 2 < z < 5
• Cosmic ray transport and radiative processes in nuclei of starburst galaxies
• Radiation Transfer of Emission Lines in Curved Space-Time
• Nonthermal Particles and Radiation Produced by Cluster Merger Shocks
• The evolution of the star formation rate function in the EAGLE simulations: A comparison with UV, IR and H$\alpha$ observations from z ~ 8 to z ~ 0
• Magnetic Field Amplification in Young Galaxies
• Chasing passive galaxies in the early Universe: a critical analysis in CANDELS GOODS-South
• Fermi LAT study of cosmic-rays and the interstellar medium in nearby molecular clouds
• Probing Cosmic Rays in Nearby Giant Molecular Clouds with the Fermi Large Area Telescope
• Hierarchical Formation of Galaxies with Dynamical Response to Supernova-Induced Gas removal
• Simulating Gamma-ray Emission in Star-forming Galaxies
• The angular power spectrum of the diffuse gamma-ray emission as measured by the Fermi Large Area Telescope and constraints on its Dark Matter interpretation
• Contribution of starburst nuclei to the diffuse gamma-ray and neutrino flux
• The diffuse $\gamma$-ray background is dominated by star-forming galaxies
• Energy spectra of secondaries in proton-proton interactions
• Contribution from Star-Forming Galaxies to the Cosmic Gamma-Ray Background Radiation
• Conversion Law of Infrared Luminosity to Star Formation Rate for Galaxies
• Flux and Photon Spectral Index Distributions of Fermi-LAT Blazars And Contribution To The Extragalactic Gamma-ray Background
• Massive and old quiescent galaxies at high redshift
• The clustering and bias of radio-selected AGN and star-forming galaxies in the COSMOS field
• Starburst galaxies strike back: a multi-messenger analysis with Fermi-LAT and IceCube data
• AAfrag: Interpolation routines for Monte Carlo results on secondary production in proton-proton, proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus interactions
• Cosmic rays in galactic and extragalactic magnetic fields
• Gamma rays as probes of cosmic-ray propagation and interactions in galaxies
• Fermi-LAT Observations of High- and Intermediate-Velocity Clouds: Tracing Cosmic Rays in the Halo of the Milky Way
• Gamma-ray observations of the Orion Molecular Clouds with the Fermi Large Area Telescope
• Search for gamma-ray emission from star-forming galaxies with Fermi LAT
• Unresolved Gamma-Ray Sky through its Angular Power Spectrum
• High-energy gamma-ray and neutrino production in star-forming galaxies across cosmic time: Difficulties in explaining the IceCube data
• Particle acceleration and multimessenger emission from starburst-driven galactic winds
• Could nearby star-forming galaxies light up the point-like neutrino sky?
• A hydrodynamical study of outflows in starburst galaxies with different driving mechanisms
• Fermi-LAT gamma-ray anisotropy and intensity explained by unresolved Radio-Loud Active Galactic Nuclei
• The Extragalactic Gamma-Ray Background from Core Dominated Radio Galaxies
• Observational signatures of cosmic ray interactions in molecular clouds
• Exploring the physics behind the non-thermal emission from star-forming galaxies detected in gamma rays
• Gamma-Ray Emission from Molecular Clouds Generated by Penetrating Cosmic Rays
• Quasar-driven outflows account for the missing extragalactic gamma-ray background
• Inverse Compton Contribution to the Star-Forming Extragalactic Gamma-Ray Background
• Estimates of relativistic electron and proton energy densities in starburst galactic nuclei from radio measurements
• Starburst and post-starburst high-redshift protogalaxies: The feedback impact of high energy cosmic rays
• Geometry effects on dust attenuation curves with different grain sources at high redshift
• Using Interstellar Clouds to Search for Galactic PeVatrons: Gamma-ray Signatures from Supernova Remnants
• Identification of AKARI infrared sources by Deep HSC Optical Survey: Construction of New Band-Merged Catalogue in the NEP-Wide field
• Interactions between Ultra-High-Energy Particles and Protogalactic Environments
• Characterising the signatures of star-forming galaxies in the extra-galactic $\gamma$-ray background
• Covariant polarized radiative transfer on cosmological scales for investigating large-scale magnetic field structures
• Modeling of Cosmic-Ray Production and Transport and Estimation of Gamma-Ray and Neutrino Emissions in Starburst Galaxies
• Comparative study of gamma-ray emission from molecular clouds and star-forming galaxies
• Observing small-scale $\gamma$-ray anisotropies with the Cherenkov Telescope Array
• Cosmic-Ray Proton to Electron Ratios

Cited by in corpus (5)

• The TeV Diffuse Cosmic Neutrino Spectrum and the Nature of Astrophysical Neutrino Sources
• The cosmic ray ionisation and $\gamma$-ray budgets of star-forming galaxies
• Observable Signatures of Cosmic Rays Transport in Starburst Galaxies on Gamma-ray and Neutrino Observations
• γ-Ray and ultra-high energy neutrino background suppression due to solar radiation
• The diffuse extragalactic gamma-ray background radiation: star-forming galaxies are not the dominant component