The Keck Lyman Continuum Spectroscopic Survey (KLCS): The Emergent Ionizing Spectrum of Galaxies at $z\sim 3$

Abstract

We present results of a deep spectroscopic survey designed to quantify the statistics of the escape of ionizing photons from star-forming galaxies at z~3. We measure the ratio of ionizing to non-ionizing UV flux density <f900/f1500>_obs, where f900 is the mean flux density evaluated over the range [880,910] A. We quantify the emergent ratio of ionizing to non-ionizing UV flux density by analyzing high-S/N composite spectra formed from sub-samples with common observed properties and numbers sufficient to reduce the statistical uncertainty in the modeled IGM+CGM correction to obtain precise values of <f900/f1500>_out, including a full-sample average <f900/f1500>_out=$0.057\pm 0.006$. We further show that <f900/f1500>_out increases monotonically with Ly$\alpha$ rest equivalent width, inducing an inverse correlation with UV luminosity as a by-product. We fit the composite spectra using stellar spectral synthesis together with models of the ISM in which a fraction f_c of the stellar continuum is covered by gas with column density N(HI). We show that the composite spectra simultaneously constrain the intrinsic properties of the stars (L900/L1500)_int along with f_c, N(HI), E(B-V), and $f_{esc,abs}$, the absolute escape fraction of ionizing photons. We find a sample-averaged $f_{esc,abs}=0.09\pm 0.01$, and that subsamples fall along a linear relation $⟨f_{esc,abs}⟩\sim 0.75[W(Ly\alpha )/110A]$. We use the FUV luminosity function, the distribution function $n[W(Ly\alpha )]$, and the relationship between $W(Ly\alpha )$ and <f900/f1500>_out to estimate the total ionizing emissivity of $z\sim 3$ star-forming galaxies with Muv < -19.5: ${\epsilon }_{LyC}\sim 6\times 10^{24}$ ergs/s/Hz/Mpc${}^3$, exceeding the contribution of QSOs by a factor of $\sim 3$, and accounting for $\sim 50$% of the total ${\epsilon }_{LyC}$ at $z\sim 3$ estimated using indirect methods.

arXiv comment45 pages, 31 figures, ApJ, in press

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• Subaru narrow-band imaging search for Lyman continuum from galaxies at z>3 in the GOODS-N field
• The Intergalactic medium transmission towards z>4 galaxies with VANDELS and the impact of dust attenuation
• The MOSDEF-LRIS Survey: Probing ISM/CGM Structure of Star-Forming Galaxies at z~2 Using Rest-UV Spectroscopy
• High redshift LBGs from deep broadband imaging for future spectroscopic surveys
• Searching for the connection between ionizing-photon escape and the surface density of star formation at z~3
• Interpreting the Si II and C II line spectra from the COS Legacy Spectroscopic SurveY using a virtual galaxy from a high-resolution radiation-hydrodynamic simulation
• HETDEX Public Source Catalog 1 -- Stacking 50K Lyman Alpha Emitters
• CDFS-6664: A candidate of Lyman-continuum Emission at z~3.8 detected by HDUV
• Linking UV spectral properties of MUSE Ly-alpha emitters at z>3 to Lyman continuum escape
• Testing an indirect method for identifying galaxies with high levels of Lyman continuum leakage
• Detecting galaxy-21-cm cross-correlation during reionization
• Connecting the growth of galaxies to the large-scale environment in a massive node of the Cosmic Web at z~3
• Understanding the spatial variation of \ion{Mg}{II} and ionizing photon escape in a local LyC leaker
• The leakage of Lyman-continuum photons from a major merger at $z\sim 1$
• Candidate z ~ 2.5 Lyman Continuum Sources in the GOODS Fields
• The Lyman-alpha and Continuum Origins Survey. I. Survey description and Ly$\alpha$ imaging
• Ionizing Radiation Escape from Low-Redshift Galaxies and Its Connection to Cosmic Reionization
• Probing Large Scale Ionizing Background Fluctuation with Lyman $\alpha$ Forest and Galaxy Cross-correlation at z=2.4
• Towards unveiling the Cosmic Reionization: the ionizing photon production efficiency (${\xi }_{ion}$) of Low-mass H$\alpha$ emitters at $z\sim 2.3$
• Detections of [C II] 158 $\mu$m and [O III] 88 $\mu$m in a Local Lyman Continuum Emitter, Mrk 54, and its Implications to High-redshift ALMA Studies
• Inferring the Distribution of the Ionising Photon Escape Fraction
• A public grid of radiative transfer simulations for Lyman-alpha and metal lines in idealised galactic outflows
• ScamPy -- A sub-halo clustering & abundance matching based Python interface for painting galaxies on the dark matter halo/sub-halo hierarchy
• The Importance of Dust Distribution in Ionizing-photon Escape: NIRCam and MIRI Imaging of a Lyman Continuum-emitting Galaxy at z ~ 3.8
• The Lyman-alpha and Continuum Origins Survey II: the connection between the escape of ionizing radiation and Lyman-alpha halos in star-forming galaxies
• A Simulated Galaxy Laboratory: Exploring the Observational Effects on UV Spectral Absorption Line Measurements
• Euclid preparation. Optical emission-line predictions of intermediate-z galaxy populations in GAEA for the Euclid Deep and Wide Surveys
• The JWST/AURORA Survey: Multiple Balmer and Paschen Emission Lines for Individual Star-forming Galaxies at z=1.5-4.4. I. A Diversity of Nebular Attenuation Curves and Evidence for Non-Unity Dust Covering Fractions
• The Role of Dust, UV Luminosity and Large-scale Environment on the Escape of Lya Photons: A Case Study of a Protocluster field at z = 3.1
• Does radiative feedback make faint z>6 galaxies look small?
• The Ly$\alpha$ and Continuum Origins Survey. III. Investigating the Link between Galaxy Morphology, Merger Properties and LyC Escape
• Clues to the nature of dark matter from first galaxies
• Lyman-alpha at Cosmic Noon I: Ly-alpha Spectral Type Selection of z ~ 2-3 Lyman Break Galaxies with Broadband Imaging
• Emission Line Galaxies in the SHARDS Hubble Frontier Fields II: Limits on Lyman-Continuum Escape Fractions of Lensed Emission Line Galaxies at Redshifts 2 < z < 3.5
• KBSS-InCLOSE I: Design and First Results from the Inner CGM of QSO Line Of Sight Emitting Galaxies at z~2-3
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: an observational evidence of density bounded region in a Lyman-$\alpha$ emitter
• The Lyman Alpha Reference Sample. XVI. Global 21cm HI properties of Lyman-$\alpha$ emitting galaxies
• The impact of cosmic ray feedback during the epoch of reionisation
• Gamma-Ray Absorption By The Cosmic Lyman Continuum From Star-forming Galaxies
• Discovery of a damped Ly$\alpha$ galaxy at z $\sim$ 3 towards the quasar SDSS J011852+040644
• CECILIA: Ultra-Deep Rest-Optical Spectra of Faint Galaxies at Cosmic Noon
• Exploration of the high-redshift universe enabled by THESEUS
• Power-law Emission-line Wings and Radiation-Driven Superwinds in Local Lyman Continuum Emitters
• Lyman-alpha at Cosmic Noon II: The relationship between kinematics and Lyman-alpha in z~2-3 Lyman Break Galaxies
• A Lyman continuum analysis for $\sim 100$ galaxies at $z_{\text{spec}}\sim 3$ in the Abell 2744 Cluster Field
• Constraining cosmic ray transport models using circumgalactic medium properties and observables
• Unraveling the Lyman Continuum Emission of Ion3: Insights from HST multi-band imaging and X-Shooter spectroscopy
• A resolved Lyman-Alpha profile with doubly peaked emission at z~7
• The Parallel Ionizing Emissivity Survey (PIE). I. Survey design and selection of candidate Lyman Continuum leakers at 3.1<z<3.5
• The CUBES Science Case
• The JWST early galaxy crisis resolved by a reionization degeneracy
• Nitrogen abundances in star-forming galaxies 2.2 Gyr after the Big Bang are not elevated