SHINING, A Survey of Far Infrared Lines in Nearby Galaxies. II: Line-Deficit Models, AGN impact, [CII]-SFR Scaling Relations, and Mass-Metallicity Relation in (U)LIRGS

Abstract

The SHINING survey (Paper I; Herrera-Camus et al. 2018) offers a great opportunity to study the properties of the ionized and neutral media of galaxies from prototypical starbursts and active galactic nuclei (AGN) to heavily obscured objects. Based on Herschel/PACS observations of the main far-infrared (FIR) fine-structure lines, in this paper we analyze the physical mechanisms behind the observed line deficits in galaxies, the apparent offset of luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs) from the mass-metallicity relation, and the scaling relations between [CII] 158 $\mu$m line emission and star formation rate (SFR). Based on a toy model and the Cloudy code, we conclude that the increase in the ionization parameter with FIR surface brightness can explain the observed decrease in the line-to-FIR continuum ratio of galaxies. In the case of the [CII] line, the increase in the ionization parameter is accompanied by a reduction in the photoelectric heating efficiency and the inability of the line to track the increase in the FUV radiation field as galaxies become more compact and luminous. In the central $\sim$kiloparsec regions of AGN galaxies we observe a significant increase in the [OI] 63 $\mu$m/[CII] line ratio; the AGN impact on the line-to-FIR ratios fades on global scales. Based on extinction-insensitive metallicity measurements of LIRGs we confirm that they lie below the mass-metallicity relation, but the offset is smaller than those reported in studies that use optical-based metal abundances. Finally, we present scaling relations between [CII] emission and SFR in the context of the main-sequence of star-forming galaxies.

22 pages, 7 Figures, Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal

References in corpus (33)

• A Highly Consistent Framework for the Evolution of the Star-Forming "Main Sequence" from z~0-6
• The Mass-Metallicity Relation at z~2
• PHIBSS: Unified Scaling Relations of Gas Depletion Time and Molecular Gas Fractions
• Combined CO & Dust Scaling Relations of Depletion Time and Molecular Gas Fractions with Cosmic Time, Specific Star Formation Rate and Stellar Mass
• Strong Nebular Line Ratios in the Spectra of z~2-3 Star-forming Galaxies: First Results from KBSS-MOSFIRE
• A Dust-Obscured Massive Maximum-Starburst Galaxy at a Redshift of 6.34
• A Herschel/PACS Far Infrared Line Emission Survey of Local Luminous Infrared Galaxies
• The influence of gas on the structure of merger remnants
• A Compendium of Far-Infrared Line and Continuum Emission for 227 Galaxies Observed by the Infrared Space Observatory
• ALMA Imaging of Gas and Dust in a Galaxy Protocluster at Redshift 5.3: [CII] Emission in "Typical" Galaxies and Dusty Starbursts ~1 Billion Years after the Big Bang
• [CII] 158 $\mu$m Emission as a Star Formation Tracer
• [CII] 158$\mu$m Emission and Metallicity in PDRs
• The Herschel Comprehensive (U)LIRG Emission Survey (HerCULES): CO Ladders, fine structure lines, and neutral gas cooling
• Tracing the reionization epoch with ALMA: [CII] emission in z~7 galaxies
• Extended ionised and clumpy gas in a normal galaxy at z=7.1 revealed by ALMA
• SMA Imaging of CO(3-2) Line and 860 micron Continuum of Arp 220 : Tracing the Spatial Distribution of Luminosity
• A Consistent Study of Metallicity Evolution at 0.8 < z < 2.6
• The Oxygen Abundances of Luminous and Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies
• A Herschel [CII] Galactic plane survey III: [CII] as a tracer of star formation
• The Spatially Resolved [CII] Cooling Line Deficit in Galaxies
• The Origins of [CII] Emission in Local Star-forming Galaxies
• Hubble Space Telescope H-Band Imaging Survey of Massive Gas-Rich Mergers
• Galaxy evolution in the infra-red: comparison of a hierarchical galaxy formation model with SPITZER data
• Far-infrared line spectra of active galaxies from the Herschel/PACS Spectrometer: the complete database
• Far-infrared metallicity diagnostics: Application to local ultraluminous infrared galaxies
• SHINING, A Survey of Far Infrared Lines in Nearby Galaxies. I: Survey Description, Observational Trends, and Line Diagnostics
• ALMA Reveals Weak [NII] Emission in "Typical" Galaxies and Intense Starbursts at z=5-6
• High-excitation OH and H_2O lines in Markarian 231: the molecular signatures of compact far-infrared continuum sources
• The Abundance Properties of Nearby Late-Type Galaxies. \\ II. The Relation between Abundance Distributions and Surface Brightness Profiles
• A Far-Infrared Spectral Sequence of Galaxies: Trends and Models
• A multi-wavelength exploration of the [CII]/IR ratio in H-ATLAS/GAMA galaxies out to z=0.2
• Ultra-luminous Infrared Galaxies in Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 6
• ISM conditions in z~0.2 Lyman-Break Analogs

Cited by in corpus (86)

• Detection of the Far-infrared [O III] and Dust Emission in a Galaxy at Redshift 8.312: Early Metal Enrichment in the Heart of the Reionization Era
• High-redshift star formation in the ALMA era
• Photodissociation and X-Ray Dominated Regions
• Kiloparsec-scale ALMA Imaging of [CII] and Dust Continuum Emission of 27 Quasar Host Galaxies at z~6
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] survey: Molecular gas budget in the Early Universe as traced by [CII]
• The Herschel Dwarf Galaxy Survey: II. Physical conditions, origin of [CII] emission, and porosity of the multiphase low-metallicity ISM
• A physical model for [CII] line emission from galaxies
• Stochastic star formation in early galaxies: JWST implications
• Subaru High-z Exploration of Low-Luminosity Quasars (SHELLQs) VIII. A less biased view of the early co-evolution of black holes and host galaxies
• Line-Intensity Mapping: Theory Review
• 400 pc Imaging of a Massive Quasar Host Galaxy at a Redshift of 6.6
• A kiloparsec view of a typical star-forming galaxy when the Universe was ~1 Gyr old. Part I. Outflow, halo, and interstellar medium properties
• An ALMA multi-line survey of the interstellar medium of the redshift 7.5 quasar host galaxy J1342+0928
• SHINING, A Survey of Far Infrared Lines in Nearby Galaxies. I: Survey Description, Observational Trends, and Line Diagnostics
• Starbursting [O III] emitters and quiescent [C II] emitters in the reionization era
• Far-infrared Herschel SPIRE spectroscopy of lensed starbursts reveals physical conditions of ionised gas
• An ALMA multi-line survey of the ISM in two quasar host-companion galaxy pairs at $z>6$
• Spatially Resolved [CII] Emission in SPT0346-52: A Hyper-Starburst Galaxy Merger at z~5.7
• ALMA 200 pc imaging of a z~7 quasar reveals a compact, disk-like host galaxy
• Physical constraints on the extended interstellar medium of the z=6.42 quasar J1148+5251: [CII] 158um, [NII] 205um and [OI] 146um observations
• Molecular gas in z~6 quasar host galaxies
• Interstellar Medium and Star Formation of Starburst Galaxies on the Merger Sequence
• Full of Orions: a 200-pc mapping of the interstellar medium in the redshift-3 lensed dusty star-forming galaxy SDP.81
• The [CII]--SFR correlation in dwarf galaxies across cosmic time
• MIRI/JWST observations reveal an extremely obscured starburst in the z=6.9 system SPT0311-58
• Detections of [OIII] 88 $\mu$m in Two Quasars in the Reionization Epoch
• Structure and kinematics of a massive galaxy at z ~ 7
• Spatially resolved dust properties and quasar-galaxy decomposition of a HyLIRG at z = 4.4
• Constraining galaxy overdensities around three z~6.5 quasars with ALMA and MUSE
• Studying high-z galaxies with [CII] intensity mapping
• Using [CII] 158 micron Emission From Isolated ISM Phases as a Star-Formation Rate Indicator
• No [CII] or dust detection in two Little Red Dots at z${}_{\mathrm{spec}}$ > 7
• A comprehensive view of the interstellar medium in a quasar host galaxy at z~6.4
• [CII] halos in ALPINE galaxies: smoking-gun of galactic outflows?
• The ALMA-CRISTAL survey: Gas, dust, and stars in star-forming galaxies when the Universe was ~1 Gyr old I. Survey overview and case studies
• Characterizing the Multi-Phase Origin of [CII] Emission in M101 and NGC 6946 with Velocity Resolved Spectroscopy
• Spectral Energy Distributions of Companion Galaxies to z$\sim$6 Quasars
• Constraints on the [CII] luminosity of a proto-globular cluster at z~6 obtained with ALMA
• The ALMA-CRISTAL Survey: Spatial extent of [CII] line emission in star-forming galaxies at $z=4-6$
• Measuring Chemical Abundances with Infrared Nebular Lines: HII-Chi-mistry-IR
• Submillimeter imaging of the Galactic Center starburst Sgr B2. Warm molecular, atomic, and ionized gas far from massive star-forming cores
• Bridging Optical and Far-Infrared Emission-Line Diagrams of Galaxies from Local to the Epoch of Reionization: Characteristic High [O III] 88 $\mu \mathrm{m}$/SFR at $z>6$
• The black hole and host galaxy growth in an isolated $z\sim 6$ QSO observed with ALMA
• The origin of the [CII]-deficit in a simulated dwarf galaxies starburst
• [CII] $158\mu \mathrm{m}$ line emission from Orion A. I. A template for extragalactic studies?
• Gas Phase Metallicities of Local Ultra-Luminous Infrared Galaxies Follow Normal Star-Forming Galaxies
• Resolving the interstellar medium in the nuclear region of two z=5.78 quasar host galaxies with ALMA
• First detection of the [OI] 63-um emission from a redshift 6 dusty galaxy
• First [NII]122$\mu$m line detection in a QSO-SMG pair BRI 1202-0725 at $z=4.69$
• Diagnosing the interstellar medium of galaxies with far-infrared emission lines I. The [C II] 158 microns line at z~0
• Star formation traced by optical and millimeter hydrogen recombination lines and free-free emissions in the dusty merging galaxy NGC 3256 -- MUSE/VLT and ALMA synergy
• The molecular gas resolved by ALMA in the low-metallicity dwarf merging galaxy Haro 11
• The effects of local stellar radiation and dust depletion on non-equilibrium interstellar chemistry
• The Lyman Alpha Reference Sample XI: Efficient Turbulence Driven Lyα Escape and the Analysis of IR, CO and [C II]158 μm
• The Close AGN Reference Survey (CARS). Discovery of a global [CII] 158 $\mu$m line excess in AGN HE1353-1917
• Is the star formation rate in $z\sim 6$ quasars overestimated?
• Diagnosing the interstellar medium of galaxies with far-infrared emission lines II. [C II], [O I], [O III], [N II] and [N III] up to z=6
• Extragalactic Science with the Experiment for Cryogenic Large-aperture Intensity Mapping
• The ALMA-CRISTAL survey: Dust temperature and physical conditions of the interstellar medium in a typical galaxy at z=5.66
• Molecular gas and dust properties in $z>7$ quasar hosts
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: Dust emission effective radius up to 3 kpc in the Early Universe
• Testing the paradigm: First spectroscopic evidence of a quasar-galaxy Mpc-scale association at cosmic dawn
• Carbon envelopes around merging galaxies at z ~ 4.5
• Infrared fine-structure lines at high redshift
• A${}^3$COSMOS: the dust mass function and dust mass density at $0.5<z<6$
• SOFIA-upGREAT imaging spectroscopy of the [C II] 158um fine structure line of the Sgr B region in the Galactic center
• The ALMA-CRISTAL survey: Extended [CII] emission in an interacting galaxy system at z ~ 5.5
• Mid-IR cosmological spectrophotometric surveys from space: Measuring AGN and star formation at the Cosmic Noon with a SPICA-like mission
• The Lockman-SpReSO project. Description, target selection, observations and preliminary results
• Detections of [C II] 158 $\mu$m and [O III] 88 $\mu$m in a Local Lyman Continuum Emitter, Mrk 54, and its Implications to High-redshift ALMA Studies
• The [NII] 205 $\mu$m line emission from high-z SMGs and QSOs
• Photoelectric heating effects on the evolution of luminous disk galaxies
• CO Excitation in High-z Main Sequence Analogues: Resolved CO(4-3)/CO(3-2) Line Ratios in DYNAMO Galaxies
• A tentative $\sim$1000 km s${}^{-1}$ offset between the [CII] 158 $\mu$m and Ly$\alpha$ line emission in a star-forming galaxy at $z=7.2$
• Identification of Large Equivalent Width Dusty Galaxies at 4 $<$ z $<$ 6 from Sub-mm Colours
• Disentangling emission from star-forming regions in the Magellanic Clouds: Linking [OIII]88 micron and 24 micron
• The origin and evolution of the [CII] deficit in HII regions and star-forming molecular clouds
• Unveiling the Main Sequence to Starburst Transition Region with a Sample of Intermediate Redshift Luminous Infrared Galaxies
• The Lockman--SpReSO project. Main properties of infrared selected star-forming galaxies
• Full disc [CII] mapping of nearby star-forming galaxies: SOFIA FIFI/LS observations of NGC 3627, NGC 4321, and NGC 6946
• Measuring the ISM Content of Nearby, Luminous, Type 1 and Type 2 QSOs through CO and [C II]
• The Close AGN Reference Survey (CARS): SOFIA detects spatially-resolved [CII] emission in the luminous AGN HE0433-1028
• Tight correlation of star formation with [Ci] and CO lines across cosmic time
• Hiding behind a curtain of dust: Gas and dust properties of an ultra-luminous strongly-lensed z = 3.75 galaxy behind the Milky Way disk
• LMC+: Large-scale mapping of [CII] and [OIII] in the LMC molecular ridge, I. Dataset and line ratio analyses
• Infrared view of the multiphase ISM in NGC 253 II. Modelling the ionised and neutral atomic gas