SHINING, A Survey of Far Infrared Lines in Nearby Galaxies. I: Survey Description, Observational Trends, and Line Diagnostics

Abstract

We use the Herschel/PACS spectrometer to study the global and spatially resolved far-infrared (FIR) fine-structure line emission in a sample of 52 galaxies that constitute the SHINING survey. These galaxies include star-forming, active-galactic nuclei (AGN), and luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs). We find an increasing number of galaxies (and kiloparsec size regions within galaxies) with low line-to-FIR continuum ratios as a function of increasing FIR luminosity ($L_{\mathrm{FIR}}$), dust infrared color, $L_{\mathrm{FIR}}$ to molecular gas mass ratio ($L_{\mathrm{FIR}}/M_{\mathrm{mol}}$), and FIR surface brightness (${\Sigma }_{\mathrm{FIR}}$). The correlations between the [CII]/FIR or [OI]/FIR ratios with ${\Sigma }_{\mathrm{FIR}}$ are remarkably tight ($\sim 0.3$ dex scatter over almost four orders of magnitude in ${\Sigma }_{\mathrm{FIR}}$). We observe that galaxies with $L_{\mathrm{FIR}}/M_{\mathrm{mol}}\gtrsim 80L_{\odot }{M}_{\odot }^{-1}$ and ${\Sigma }_{\mathrm{FIR}}\gtrsim 10^{11}$ $L_{\odot }$ kpc${}^{-2}$ tend to have weak fine-structure line-to-FIR continuum ratios, and that LIRGs with infrared sizes $\gtrsim 1$ kpc have line-to-FIR ratios comparable to those observed in typical star-forming galaxies. We analyze the physical mechanisms driving these trends in Paper II (Herrera-Camus et al. 2018). The combined analysis of the [CII], [NII], and [OIII] lines reveals that the fraction of the [CII] line emission that arises from neutral gas increases from 60% to 90% in the most active star-forming regions and that the emission originating in the ionized gas is associated with low-ionization, diffuse gas rather than with dense gas in HII regions. Finally, we report the global and spatially resolved line fluxes of the SHINING galaxies to enable the comparison and planning of future local and high-$z$ studies.

30 pages, 13 Figures, Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal

References in corpus (35)

• PHIBSS: Unified Scaling Relations of Gas Depletion Time and Molecular Gas Fractions
• Combined CO & Dust Scaling Relations of Depletion Time and Molecular Gas Fractions with Cosmic Time, Specific Star Formation Rate and Stellar Mass
• A Dust-Obscured Massive Maximum-Starburst Galaxy at a Redshift of 6.34
• Massive molecular outflows and negative feedback in ULIRGs observed by Herschel-PACS
• A Herschel/PACS Far Infrared Line Emission Survey of Local Luminous Infrared Galaxies
• A Compendium of Far-Infrared Line and Continuum Emission for 227 Galaxies Observed by the Infrared Space Observatory
• The Herschel Dwarf Galaxy Survey: I. Properties of the low-metallicity ISM from PACS spectroscopy
• Vigorous star formation with low efficiency in massive disk galaxies at z=1.5
• Molecular Gas and Star Formation in the SAURON Early-type Galaxies
• ALMA Imaging of Gas and Dust in a Galaxy Protocluster at Redshift 5.3: [CII] Emission in "Typical" Galaxies and Dusty Starbursts ~1 Billion Years after the Big Bang
• [CII] 158 $\mu$m Emission as a Star Formation Tracer
• Molecular outflows in local ULIRGs: energetics from multi-transition OH analysis
• Dense gas in luminous infrared galaxies
• Mid-Infrared Spectral Diagnostics of Nuclear and Extra-Nuclear Regions in Nearby Galaxies
• The Origins of [CII] Emission in Local Star-forming Galaxies
• The Spatially Resolved [CII] Cooling Line Deficit in Galaxies
• Ram-pressure stripped molecular gas in the Virgo spiral galaxy NGC 4522
• SHINING, A Survey of Far Infrared Lines in Nearby Galaxies. II: Line-Deficit Models, AGN impact, [CII]-SFR Scaling Relations, and Mass-Metallicity Relation in (U)LIRGS
• A Detection of [CII] line emission in the z=4.7 QSO BR1202-0725
• Physical conditions of the interstellar medium of high-redshift, strongly lensed submillimetre galaxies from the Herschel-ATLAS
• Far-infrared line spectra of active galaxies from the Herschel/PACS Spectrometer: the complete database
• Extended [CII] Emission in Local Luminous Infrared Galaxies
• Strong C+ emission in galaxies at z~1-2: Evidence for cold flow accretion powered star formation in the early Universe
• High-J CO SLEDs in nearby infrared bright galaxies observed by Herschel-PACS
• First Detection of the [OIII] 88 micron Line at High Redshifts: Characterizing the Starburst and Narrow Line Regions in Extreme Luminosity Systems
• A Herschel Survey of the [N II] 205 micron Line in Local Luminous Infrared Galaxies --- The [N II] 205 micron Emission as a Star Formation Rate Indicator
• A 33 GHz Survey of Local Major Mergers: Estimating the Sizes of the Energetically Dominant Regions from High Resolution Measurements of the Radio Continuum
• LABOCA observations of nearby, active galaxies
• The Circumnuclear Molecular Gas in the Seyfert Galaxy NGC4945
• A Sensitive Search For [NII] Emission in a z=6.4 Quasar Host Galaxy
• A Far-Infrared Spectral Sequence of Galaxies: Trends and Models
• A multi-wavelength exploration of the [CII]/IR ratio in H-ATLAS/GAMA galaxies out to z=0.2
• The Survey of Lines in M31 (SLIM): Investigating the Origins of [CII] Emission
• Local Swift-BAT active galactic nuclei prefer circumnuclear star formation
• ISM conditions in z~0.2 Lyman-Break Analogs

Cited by in corpus (57)

• "Big Three Dragons": a z = 7.15 Lyman BreakGalaxy Detected in [OIII] 88 $\mu$m, [CII] 158 $\mu$m, and Dust Continuum with ALMA
• Detection of the Far-infrared [O III] and Dust Emission in a Galaxy at Redshift 8.312: Early Metal Enrichment in the Heart of the Reionization Era
• Photodissociation and X-Ray Dominated Regions
• The Herschel Dwarf Galaxy Survey: II. Physical conditions, origin of [CII] emission, and porosity of the multiphase low-metallicity ISM
• SHINING, A Survey of Far Infrared Lines in Nearby Galaxies. II: Line-Deficit Models, AGN impact, [CII]-SFR Scaling Relations, and Mass-Metallicity Relation in (U)LIRGS
• A kiloparsec view of a typical star-forming galaxy when the Universe was ~1 Gyr old. Part I. Outflow, halo, and interstellar medium properties
• Starbursting [O III] emitters and quiescent [C II] emitters in the reionization era
• Resolved [CII] Emission from z>6 Quasar Host -- Companion Galaxy Pairs
• Strong FUV fields drive the [CII]/FIR deficit in z~3 dusty, star-forming galaxies
• Far-infrared Herschel SPIRE spectroscopy of lensed starbursts reveals physical conditions of ionised gas
• Spatially Resolved [CII] Emission in SPT0346-52: A Hyper-Starburst Galaxy Merger at z~5.7
• An ALMA multi-line survey of the ISM in two quasar host-companion galaxy pairs at $z>6$
• Central molecular zones in galaxies: 12CO-to-13CO ratios, carbon budget, and X factors
• Physical constraints on the extended interstellar medium of the z=6.42 quasar J1148+5251: [CII] 158um, [NII] 205um and [OI] 146um observations
• A dense, solar metallicity ISM in the z=4.2 dusty star-forming galaxy SPT0418-47
• Full of Orions: a 200-pc mapping of the interstellar medium in the redshift-3 lensed dusty star-forming galaxy SDP.81
• CNO emission of an unlensed submillimeter galaxy at z=4.3
• Detections of [OIII] 88 $\mu$m in Two Quasars in the Reionization Epoch
• Spatially resolved dust properties and quasar-galaxy decomposition of a HyLIRG at z = 4.4
• Using [CII] 158 micron Emission From Isolated ISM Phases as a Star-Formation Rate Indicator
• PDFchem: A new fast method to determine ISM properties and infer environmental parameters using probability distributions
• The ALMA-CRISTAL survey: Gas, dust, and stars in star-forming galaxies when the Universe was ~1 Gyr old I. Survey overview and case studies
• The ALMA-CRISTAL Survey: Spatial extent of [CII] line emission in star-forming galaxies at $z=4-6$
• Spectral Energy Distributions of Companion Galaxies to z$\sim$6 Quasars
• The ALMA-CRISTAL survey. Discovery of a 15 kpc-long gas plume in a $z=4.54$ Lyman-$\alpha$ blob
• Jet-related Excitation of the [CII] Emission in the Active Galaxy NGC 4258 with SOFIA
• Spectral Energy Distributions for 258 Local Volume Galaxies
• Bridging Optical and Far-Infrared Emission-Line Diagrams of Galaxies from Local to the Epoch of Reionization: Characteristic High [O III] 88 $\mu \mathrm{m}$/SFR at $z>6$
• First detection of the [OI] 63-um emission from a redshift 6 dusty galaxy
• SOFIA observations of far-IR fine-structure lines in galaxies to measure metallicity
• Gas Phase Metallicities of Local Ultra-Luminous Infrared Galaxies Follow Normal Star-Forming Galaxies
• Dust, gas, and metal content in star-forming galaxies at $z\sim 3.3$ revealed with ALMA and Near-IR spectroscopy
• Measuring chemical abundances in AGN from infrared nebular lines: HII-CHI-Mistry-IR for AGN
• First [NII]122$\mu$m line detection in a QSO-SMG pair BRI 1202-0725 at $z=4.69$
• Diagnosing the interstellar medium of galaxies with far-infrared emission lines I. The [C II] 158 microns line at z~0
• Multi-Phase ISM in the z = 5.7 Hyperluminous Starburst SPT0346-52
• The Close AGN Reference Survey (CARS). Discovery of a global [CII] 158 $\mu$m line excess in AGN HE1353-1917
• Detection of nitrogen and oxygen in a galaxy at the end of reionization
• Unravelling the physics of multiphase AGN winds through emission line tracers
• The Lyman Alpha Reference Sample XI: Efficient Turbulence Driven Lyα Escape and the Analysis of IR, CO and [C II]158 μm
• Dense and warm neutral gas in BR1202-0725 at z = 4.7 as traced by the [O I] 145 um line
• Diagnosing the interstellar medium of galaxies with far-infrared emission lines II. [C II], [O I], [O III], [N II] and [N III] up to z=6
• The ALMA-CRISTAL survey: Dust temperature and physical conditions of the interstellar medium in a typical galaxy at z=5.66
• CON-quest II. Spatially and spectrally resolved HCN/HCO+ line ratios in local luminous and ultraluminous infrared galaxies
• ALMA 300 pc resolution imaging of a z=6.79 quasar: no evidence for supermassive black hole influence on the [C II] kinematics
• The Case for Thermalization as a Contributor to the [CII] Deficit
• Infrared fine-structure lines at high redshift
• Detection of the [O I] 63 $\mu$m emission line from the $z=6.04$ quasar J2054-0005
• SOFIA-upGREAT imaging spectroscopy of the [C II] 158um fine structure line of the Sgr B region in the Galactic center
• Chemical abundances and deviations from the solar S/O ratio in the gas-phase ISM of galaxies based on infrared emission lines
• Ionized Carbon in Galaxies: The [C II] 158 $\mu$m Line as a Total Molecular Gas Mass Tracer Revisited
• CO Excitation in High-z Main Sequence Analogues: Resolved CO(4-3)/CO(3-2) Line Ratios in DYNAMO Galaxies
• H1821+643: The most X-ray and infrared luminous AGN in the Swift/BAT survey in the process of rapid stellar and supermassive black hole mass assembly
• High$-z$ [OI] emission lines: ColdSIM simulations and ALMA observations
• Early galaxy evolution: The complex interstellar medium distribution of the z~7 galaxy A1689-zD1
• ALMA Observations of the Sub-kpc Structure of the Host Galaxy of a z= 6.5 Lensed Quasar: A Rotationally-Supported Hyper-Starburst System at the Epoch of Reionization
• Uncovering the absorbed atomic Universe with the [OI]63um line