Radiative Transfer in a Clumpy Universe: III. The Nature of Cosmological Ionizing Sources

Abstract

The history of the transition from a neutral intergalactic medium (IGM) to one that is almost fully ionized can reveal the character of cosmological ionizing sources. We study the evolution of the volume filling factor of HII and HeIII regions in a clumpy IGM, and discuss the implications for rival reionization scenarios of the rapid decline in the space density of radio-loud quasars and of the large population of star-forming galaxies recently observed at z>3. The hydrogen component in a highly inhomogeneous universe is completely reionized when the number of photons emitted above 1 ryd in one recombination time equals the mean number of hydrogen atoms. If stellar sources are responsible for keeping the IGM ionized at z=5, the rate of star formation at this epoch must be comparable or greater than the one inferred from optical observations of galaxies at z=3, and the mean metallicity per baryon in the universe of order 1/500 solar. An early generation of stars in dark matter halos with circular velocities v_circ=50 km/s, possibly one of the main source of UV photons at high-z, could be detectable with the Next Generation Space Telescope. Models in which the quasar emissivity declines rapidly at z>3 predict a late HeII reionization epoch, a feature that could explain the recent detection of patchy HeII Lyman-alpha at z=2.9 by Reimers et al. (1997) and the abrupt change observed by Songaila (1998) at about the same epoch of the SiIV/CIV ratio, but appear unable to provide the required number of hydrogen-ionizing photons at z=5.

LaTeX, 29 pages, 5 figures, submitted to the ApJ

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• Observable Properties of Cosmological Reionization Sources
• Star Formation and Stellar Mass Assembly in Dark Matter Halos: From Giants to Dwarfs
• Semi-analytic forecasts for JWST -- III. Intrinsic production efficiency of Lyman-continuum radiation
• Properties of QSO Metal Line Absorption Systems at High Redshifts: Nature and Evolution of the Absorbers and New Evidence on Escape of Ionizing Radiation from Galaxies
• New Constraints on the Escape of Ionizing Photons From Starburst Galaxies Using Ionization-Parameter Mapping
• New abundance determinations in z < 1.5 QSO absorbers: seven sub-DLAs and one DLA
• Definitive upper bound on the negligible contribution of quasars to cosmic reionization
• The Strömgren sphere, the environment and the reionization in the local universe of the highest redshift QSOs
• An Ionization Cone in the Dwarf Starburst Galaxy NGC 5253
• Semi-analytic forecasts for JWST -- V. AGN luminosity functions and helium reionization at z = 2-7
• Physical laboratory at the center of the Galaxy
• Lyman-Alpha Emitting Galaxies as a Probe of Reionization: Large-Scale Bubble Morphology and Small-Scale Absorbers
• Near-Field Limits on the Role of Faint Galaxies in Cosmic Reionization
• The Opacity of the Intergalactic Medium During Reionization: Resolving Small-Scale Structure
• High Metallicity, Photoionised Gas in Intergalactic Large-Scale Filaments
• The Faint End of the Quasar Luminosity Function at z~4
• Spectroscopically Confirmed Lyman-Alpha Emitters from Redshift 5 to 7 Behind Ten Galaxy Cluster Lenses
• High matter density peaks from UVES observations of QSO pairs: correlation properties and chemical abundances
• Secondary CMB Anisotropies from Cosmological Reionization
• The Inhomogeneous Ionizing Background Following Reionization
• Spitzer UltRa Faint SUrvey Program (SURFS UP) I: An Overview
• Quasar H II Regions During Cosmic Reionization
• Dwarf Galaxies with Ionizing Radiation Feedback. I: Escape of Ionizing Photons
• A systematic study of the escape of LyC and Ly$\alpha$ photons from star-forming, magnetized turbulent clouds
• The Evolution of the HeII-Ionizing Background at Redshifts 2.3<z<3.8 Inferred from a Statistical Sample of 24 HST/COS HeII Ly$\alpha$ Absorption Spectra
• Warm Ionized Gas Revealed in the Magellanic Bridge Tidal Remnant: Constraining the Baryon Content and the Escaping Ionizing Photons around Dwarf Galaxies
• Constraining the Redshift z=6 Quasar Luminosity Function Using Gravitational Lensing
• The Line-of-Sight Proximity Effect and the Mass of Quasar Host Halos
• Constraints on QSO emissivity using H I and He II Lyman alpha forest
• Constraining the Quasar Contribution to the Reionisation of Cosmic Hydrogen
• General framework for cosmological dark matter bounds using $N$-body simulations
• Constraining the Bright-end of the UV Luminosity Function for z ~ 7 - 9 Galaxies: results from CANDELS/GOODS-South
• Tracing Lyman-alpha and Lyman Continuum Escape in Galaxies with Mg II Emission
• Lyman "bump" galaxies - I. Spectral energy distribution of galaxies with an escape of nebular Lyman continuum
• Observational Properties of Simulated Galaxies in Overdense and Average Regions at High Redshifts z= 6-12
• On Modeling and Measuring the Temperature of the z~5 IGM
• The Extremely Luminous Quasar Survey (ELQS) in the SDSS footprint I.: Infrared Based Candidate Selection
• Signatures of metal-free star formation in Planck 2015 Polarization Data
• Are There Enough Ionizing Photons to Reionize the Universe by z=6?
• Cold or Warm? Constraining Dark Matter with Primeval Galaxies and Cosmic Reionization after Planck
• The Pan-STARRS1 $\mathbf{z}>5.6$ Quasar Survey: III. The $\mathbf{z}\approx 6$ Quasar Luminosity Function
• Simulations of galaxy formation with radiative transfer: Hydrogen reionization and radiative feedback
• Revealing the Young Starburst in Haro 3 with Radio and Infrared Imaging
• The effect of the virial state of molecular clouds on the influence of feedback from massive stars
• The galaxies that reionized the Universe
• AMBER: A Semi-numerical Abundance Matching Box for the Epoch of Reionization
• The Space Density of Redshift 5.7 Ly-Alpha Emitters
• Inhomogeneous HeII reionization in Hydrodynamic Simulations
• Measuring the Radiative Histories of QSOs with the Transverse Proximity Effect
• The evolution of the helium-ionizing background at z ~ 2-3
• Magnetic fields from reionisation
• Detection of Intergalactic HeII Absorption at Redshift 3.5
• Elevated UV luminosity density at Cosmic Dawn explained by non-evolving, weakly mass-dependent star formation efficiency
• Fluctuations in the Ionizing Background During and After Helium Reionization
• A Statistical Analysis of Intergalactic Medium Transmission Approaching Reionization
• Recombination clumping factor during cosmic reionization
• Lyman Break Galaxies and the Reionization of the Intergalactic Medium
• Constraining the primordial magnetic field with dwarf galaxy simulations
• A new z=0 metagalactic UV background limit
• Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations of the Ionization Structure and Kinematics of Damped Ly$\alpha$ Systems with Self-consistent Radiative Transfer
• The Universe is at Most 88% Neutral at z=10.6
• Numerical Simulations of Turbulent Molecular Clouds Regulated by Radiation Feedback Forces II: Radiation-Gas Interactions and Outflows
• Determining the escape fraction of ionizing photons during reionization with the GRB derived star-formation rate
• Effects of the sources of reionization on 21-cm redshift-space distortions
• A Short Introduction to Reionization Physics
• AGNs as main contributors to the UV ionizing emissivity at high redshifts: predictions from a Lambda-CDM model with linked AGN/galaxy evolution
• Element Abundances at High-redshift: Magellan MIKE Observations of sub-Damped Lyman-alpha Absorbers at 1.7 < z <2.4
• High redshift AGNs and HI reionisation: limits from the unresolved X-ray background
• He II absorption and the sawtooth spectrum of the cosmic far-UV background
• Patchy He II reionization and the physical state of the IGM
• The Infrared Medium-deep Survey. VIII. Quasar Luminosity Function at $z\sim 5$
• Fully-Coupled Simulation of Cosmic Reionization. I: Numerical Methods and Tests
• A Magellan IMACS Spectroscopic Search for Lyman-Alpha Emitting Galaxies at Redshift 5.7
• The Impact of Temperature Fluctuations on the Lyman-alpha Forest Power Spectrum
• Two Modes of LyC Escape From Bursty Star Formation: Implications for [C II] Deficits and the Sources of Reionization
• The Stellar Initial Mass Function at the Epoch of Reionization
• The Sources of Extreme Ultraviolet and Soft X-ray Backgrounds
• The Epoch of Reionization in the R_h=ct Universe
• The Concerted Impact of Galaxies and QSOs on the Ionization and Thermal State of the Intergalactic Medium
• Measuring the X-ray Background in the Reionization Era with First Generation 21 cm Experiments
• Modelling of Lyman-alpha Emitting Galaxies and Ionized Bubbles at the Era of Reionization
• Warm Dark Matter and Cosmic Reionization
• UNCOVERing the contribution of black holes to reionization in the JWST era
• Probing High Redshift Radiation Fields with Gamma-Ray Absorption
• A new parameterization of the reionisation history
• A Census of the LyC Photons that Form the UV Background During Reionization
• Detections of Faint Lyman-alpha Emitters at z = 5.7: Galaxy Building Blocks and Engines of Reionization
• SPICE: the connection between cosmic reionisation and stellar feedback in the first galaxies
• The Effect of Fluctuations on the Helium-Ionizing Background
• Reionization and dark matter decay
• The Spatial, Ionization, and Kinematic Conditions of the z=1.39 Damped Ly-alpha Absorber in Q0957+561 A,B
• First study of reionization in the Planck 2015 normalized closed $\Lambda$CDM inflation model
• A Snapshot Survey for Gravitational Lenses Among z>=4.0 Quasars: II. Constraints on the 4.0<z<4.5 Quasar Population
• Future Constraints on the Reionization History and the Ionizing Sources from Gamma-ray Burst Afterglows
• The QSO proximity effect at redshift <z>=2.6 with the FLO approach
• Early Preheating and Galaxy Formation
• Modelling recombinations during cosmological reionization
• The evolution of the Lyman-alpha forest effective optical depth following HeII reionisation
• History of Hydrogen Reionization in the Cold Dark Matter Model
• HE 0515-4414 - an unusual sub-damped Ly alpha system revisited
• Helium reionization and the thermal proximity effect
• How the diffuse Universe cools
• Particle decay in the early universe: predictions for 21 cm
• Tracing the Sources of Reionization in Cosmological Radiation Hydrodynamics Simulations
• Can gravitational infall energy lead to the observed velocity dispersion in DLAs?
• Observing patchy reionization with future CMB polarization experiments
• Cosmological Microlensing Statistics: Variability rates for Quasars and GRB Afterglows, and implications for macrolensing magnification bias and flux ratios
• On the origin of low escape fractions of ionizing radiation from massive star-forming galaxies at high redshift
• The impact of inhomogeneous subgrid clumping on cosmic reionization II: modelling stochasticity
• Radiative transfer of ionizing radiation through gas and dust: stellar source case
• Constraining the Tail-End of Reionization Using Lyman-$\alpha$ Transmission Spikes
• The spectral and environment properties of $z\sim 2.0-2.5$ quasar pairs
• SuperBoRG: Search for The Brightest of Reionizing Galaxies and Quasars in HST Parallel Imaging Data
• Discovery of the Galaxy Proximity Effect and Implications for Measurements of the Ionizing Background Radiation at Low Redshifts
• The impact of spatial fluctuations in the ultra-violet background on intergalactic carbon and silicon
• Semi-analytical description of clumping factor and CMB free-free distortions from reionization
• Primordial magnetic field constraints from the end of reionization
• Star Forming Galaxies at z~6 and Reionization
• Atomic data for Zn II - Improving Spectral Diagnostics of Chemical Evolution in High-redshift Galaxies
• First results from the Isaac Newton Telescope Wide Angle Survey: The z>5 quasar survey
• Inhomogeneous metal enrichment at z \sim 1.9: the Lyman limit systems in the spectrum of the HDF-S quasar
• Expanding the search for galaxies at z ~7-10 with new NICMOS Parallel Fields
• Chemical Abundances and the Metagalactic Radiation Field at High Redshift
• Quasars as probes of cosmological reionization
• The Wide Field Imager Lyman-Alpha Search (WFILAS) for Galaxies at Redshift ~5.7: II. Survey Design and Sample Analysis
• Effects of Photoionization and Photoheating on Lyman-alpha Forest Properties from Cholla Cosmological Simulations
• Large-scale variation in reionization history caused by Baryon-dark matter streaming velocity
• Galaxy Evolution at High Redshift: Obscured Star Formation, GRB Rates, Cosmic Reionization, and Missing Satellites
• Constraining the Contribution of Galaxies and Active Galactic Nuclei to Cosmic Reionization
• The Formation and Evolution of the First Massive Black Holes
• Helium Reionization Simulations. I. Modeling Quasars as Radiation Sources
• PopRatio: A program to calculate atomic level populations in astrophysical plasmas
• Outside the Lyman-break box: detecting Lyman continuum emitters at $3.5<z<5.1$ with CLAUDS
• Can We Detect the Anisotropic Shapes of Quasar HII Regions During Reionization Through The Small-Scale Redshifted 21cm Power Spectrum?
• Gamma Ray Bursts and their links with Supernovae and Cosmology
• The importance of stochasticity in determining galaxy emissivities and UV LFs during cosmic dawn and reionization
• The Contribution of Supernovae to Cosmic Reionization
• The Optical Depth to Reionization as a Probe of Cosmological and Astrophysical Parameters
• Have we detected one of the sources responsible for an early reionisation of the Universe?
• Constraints on primordial black holes and primeval density perturbations from the epoch of reionization
• Statistics of Quasars Multiply Imaged by Galaxy Clusters
• Dissecting cold gas in a high-redshift galaxy using a lensed background quasar
• Photometric Selection of z~5 Lyman Break Galaxies in the ESO Remote Galaxy Survey
• How do galactic winds affect the Lyalpha forest?
• Local photoionization feedback effects on galaxies
• Probing reionization with the cross power spectrum of 21 cm and near-infrared radiation backgrounds
• Element Abundances in a Gas-rich Galaxy at z = 5: Clues to the Early Chemical Enrichment of Galaxies
• Cross-correlation studies as a probe of reionization physics
• A Model-Insensitive Baryon Acoustic Oscillation Feature in the 21 cm Signal from Reionization
• First study of reionization in tilted flat and untilted non-flat dynamical dark energy inflation models
• Cosmological Reionization
• Low-Metallicity Star Formation in High-Redshift Galaxies at z~8
• Constraints on the $z\sim 6-13$ intergalactic medium from JWST spectroscopy of Lyman-alpha damping wings in galaxies
• The Reionization History and Early Metal Enrichment inferred from the Gamma-Ray Burst Rate
• Modeling Reionization in a Bursty Universe
• Finding the UV-Visible Path Forward: Proceedings of the Community Workshop to Plan the Future of UV/Visible Space Astrophysics
• Measurements of effective optical depth in the Ly$\alpha$ forest from the BOSS DR12 Quasar sample
• The escape fraction of ionizing photons from high redshift galaxies
• A search for Lyman Break Galaxies at z>8 in the NICMOS Parallel Imaging Survey
• Modelling the star-formation activity and ionizing properties of high-redshift galaxies
• Probing the faint end Luminosity Function of Lyman Alpha Emitters at 3<z<7 behind 17 MUSE lensing clusters
• Mutual Constraints Between Reionization Models and Parameter Extraction From Cosmic Microwave Background Data
• The impact of temperature fluctuations on the large-scale clustering of the Ly$\alpha$ forest
• Understanding the Observed Evolution of the Galaxy Luminosity Function from z=6-10 in the Context of Hierarchical Structure Formation
• Effect of primordial non-Gaussianities on the far-UV luminosity function of high-redshift galaxies: implications for cosmic reionization
• Cosmic histories of star formation and reionization: An analysis with a power-law approximation
• The Effects of the Ionizing Radiation Background on Galaxy Evolution
• Observations of the High Redshift Universe
• SCORCH. III. Analytical Models of Reionization with Varying Clumping Factors
• Is There a Detectable Vishniac Effect?
• Beyond the first galaxies primordial black holes shine
• Active Galactic Nuclei Selected from GALEX Spectroscopy: The Ionizing Source Spectrum at z~1
• A cold metal-poor cloud traced by a weak MgII absorption at z~0.45. First detection of SiI, CaI and FeI in a QSO absorber
• Clumping factors of HII, HeII and HeIII
• Distinguishing the impact and signature of black holes from different origins in early cosmic history
• The distribution and properties of DLAs at z $\le$ 2 in the EAGLE simulations
• Gaussian Process Reconstruction of Reionization History
• A Multiwavelength Study on the Fate of Ionizing Radiation in Local Starbursts
• Constraining SN feedback: a tug of war between reionization and the Milky Way satellites
• Semi-numeric simulations of helium reionization and the fluctuating radiation background
• A machine-learning approach to measuring the escape of ionizing radiation from galaxies in the reionization epoch
• High-Redshift Galaxy Surveys and the Reionization of the Universe
• The shallow slope of the z~6 quasar luminosity function: limits from the lack of multiple image gravitational lenses
• Beacons In the Dark: Using Novae and Supernovae to Detect Dwarf Galaxies in the Local Universe
• Eddington accreting Black Holes in the Epoch of Reionization
• Flux sensitivity requirements for the detection of Lyman continuum radiation drop-ins from star-forming galaxies below redshifts of 3
• Investigating the effect of cosmic opacity on standard candles
• Joint Survey Processing I: Compact oddballs in the COSMOS field -- low-luminosity Quasars at z > 6?
• The inhomogenous reionization of the inter-galactic medium by metal-poor globular clusters
• Lyman Break Galaxies and Reionization of the Universe
• Extending Semi-numeric Reionisation Models to the First Stars and Galaxies
• Constraining the luminosity function of faint undetected i-dropout galaxies
• Probing the growth of supermassive black holes at z>6 with LOFAR
• AGN jets versus accretion as reionization sources
• On the Evolution of High-Redshift Active Galactic Nuclei
• Testing an indirect method for identifying galaxies with high levels of Lyman continuum leakage
• Maximal X-ray feedback in the pre-reionization universe
• AGN ruled out as the dominant source of cosmic reionization
• The ionizing photon production efficiency of star-forming galaxies at $z\sim 4-10$
• The HeI 584 A Forest as a Diagnostic of Helium Reionization
• Spatial Correlations in the Helium-Ionizing Background
• The extragalactic background light from the measurements of the attenuation of high-energy gamma-ray spectrum
• Probing patchy reionisation with JWST: IGM opacity constraints from the Lyman-$\alpha$ forest of galaxies in legacy extragalactic fields
• Detectability of the ${\tau }_{es}$-21cm cross-correlation: a tomographic probe of patchy reionization
• `First Light' in the Universe; What Ended the "Dark Age"?
• Astrophysics in 2005
• Explaining JWST star formation history at $z\sim 17$ by modifying $\Lambda$CDM
• Modeling the Intergalactic Medium during the Epoch of Reionization
• Probing intergalactic radiation fields during cosmic reionization through gamma-ray absorption
• Observations of Ly$\alpha$ Emitters at High Redshift
• Inferring the Distribution of the Ionising Photon Escape Fraction
• The Lyman-limit photon mean free path at the end of late reionisation in the Sherwood-Relics simulations
• Deep VLT V-band Imaging of the Field of a z=10 Candidate Galaxy: Below the Lyman Limit?
• Deep Forest: Neural Network reconstruction of intergalactic medium temperature
• HeII Ly$\alpha$ Transmission Spikes and Absorption Troughs in Eight High-resolution Spectra Probing the End of HeII Reionization
• Metal Enrichment and Reionization Constraints on Early Star Formation
• Boosting the 21 cm forest signals by the clumpy substructures
• Modelling the escape of Lyman Continuum photons from galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization
• Analysis of methods for detecting the proximity effect in quasar spectra
• The Shocking Truth: The small contribution to hydrogen reionization from gravitational infall
• Ultraviolet background fluctuations with clustered sources
• Effect of Separate Initial Conditions on the Lyman-$\alpha$ Forest in Simulations
• Does slow and steady win the race? Investigating feedback processes in giant molecular clouds
• The BTC40 Survey for Quasars at 4.8 < z < 6
• Evolving beyond z=0: insights about the future of stars and the intergalactic medium
• Gravitational wave backgrounds from coalescing black hole binaries at cosmic dawn: an upper bound
• Constraint on Matter Power Spectrum on $10^6-10^9{M}_{\odot }$ Scales from ${\tau }_e$
• Diversity of the Lyman continuum escape fractions of high-$z$ galaxies and its origins
• Formation of globular clusters induced by external ultraviolet radiation II: Three-dimensional radiation hydrodynamics simulations
• The impact of cosmic ray feedback during the epoch of reionisation
• Mocking Faint Black Holes during Reionization
• Measuring photo-ionization rate and mean free path of HeII ionizing photons at $2.5\le z\le 3.6$: Evidence for late and rapid HeII reionization Part-II
• ECHO21: a tool for modelling global 21-cm signal from dark ages to reionization
• Star Formation in a Cosmological Simulation of Reionization
• What can we learn about Reionization astrophysical parameters using Gaussian Process Regression?
• Constraints on the Epoch of Reionization with Roman Space Telescope and the Void Probability Function of Lyman-Alpha Emitters
• The effect of helium reionization on the Lyman-alpha forest hydrogen flux statistics
• Deep JWST spectroscopy of galaxies in a candidate ionized bubble at $z=8.7$: probing reionization at pMpc scales with Ly$\alpha$ emission
• Probing Time-Dependent Dark Energy with the Flux Power Spectrum of the Lyman $\alpha$ Forest
• Rise of the forsaken relics: connecting present-day stellar streams and phase-mixed galaxies to the Epoch of Reionization
• Modified Cosmology or Modified Galaxy Astrophysics is Driving the z>6 JWST Results? CMB Experiments can discover the Origin in the Near Future
• Extreme equivalent width-selected low-mass starbursts at $z=4-9$: insights into their role in cosmic reionization
• Quasar clustering at redshift 6
• Luminosities, Masses and Star Formation Rates of Galaxies at High Redshift (IAU279 conference proceedings)
• The JWST early galaxy crisis resolved by a reionization degeneracy
• The Contribution of AGN Accretion Disks to Hydrogen Reionization