A hint on the metal-free star formation rate density from 21cm-EDGES data

Abstract

We aim to provide the first data-constrained estimate of the metal-free (Population III; Pop III) star formation rate density ${\dot{\rho }}_{\ast }^{III}$ required at high-redshifts ($z\gtrsim 16$) in order to reproduce both the amplitude and the redshift of the EDGES 21-cm global signal. Our model accounts for the Lyman Alpha (Ly$\alpha$), radio and X-ray backgrounds from both Pop III and metal-enriched Population II (Pop II) stars. For the latter, we use the star formation rate density estimates (and the Ly$\alpha$ background) from the {\it Delphi} semi-analytic model that has been shown to reproduce all key observables for galaxies at $z\gtrsim 5$; the radio and X-ray backgrounds are fixed using low-$z$ values. The constraints on the free parameters characterizing the properties of the Pop III stars are obtained using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo analysis. Our results yield a ${\dot{\rho }}_{\ast }^{III}$ that whilst increasing from $z\sim 21-16$ thereafter shows a sharp decline which is in excellent agreement with the results found by \citet{valiante2016} to simulate the growth of $z\sim 6-7$ quasars and their host galaxies, suggesting that the bulk of Pop III star formation occurs in the rarest and most massive metal-poor halos at $z\lesssim 20$. This allows Pop III stars to produce a rapidly growing Ly$\alpha$ background between $z\sim 21-15$. Further, Pop III stars are required to provide a radio background that is about $3-4$ orders of magnitude higher than that provided by Pop II stars although Pop II stars dominate the X-ray background.

arXiv commentaccepted to MNRAS

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