SIGAME simulations of the [CII], [OI] and [OIII] line emission from star forming galaxies at z ~ 6

Abstract

Of the almost 40 star forming galaxies at z>~5 (not counting QSOs) observed in [CII] to date, nearly half are either very faint in [CII], or not detected at all, and fall well below expectations based on locally derived relations between star formation rate (SFR) and [CII] luminosity. Combining cosmological zoom simulations of galaxies with SIGAME (SImulator of GAlaxy Millimeter/submillimeter Emission) we have modeled the multi-phased interstellar medium (ISM) and its emission in [CII], [OI] and [OIII], from 30 main sequence galaxies at z~6 with star formation rates ~3-23Msun/yr, stellar masses ~(0.7-8)x10^9Msun, and metallicities ~(0.1-0.4)xZsun. The simulations are able to reproduce the aforementioned [CII]-faintness at z>5, match two of the three existing z>~5 detections of [OIII], and are furthermore roughly consistent with the [OI] and [OIII] luminosity relations with SFR observed for local starburst galaxies. We find that the [CII] emission is dominated by the diffuse ionized gas phase and molecular clouds, which on average contribute ~66% and ~27%, respectively. The molecular gas, which constitutes only ~10% of the total gas mass is thus a more efficient emitter of [CII] than the ionized gas making up ~85% of the total gas mass. A principal component analysis shows that the [CII] luminosity correlates with the star formation activity as well as average metallicity. The low metallicities of our simulations together with their low molecular gas mass fractions can account for their [CII]-faintness, and we suggest these factors may also be responsible for the [CII]-faint normal galaxies observed at these early epochs.

arXiv comment24 pages, 14 figures. Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal

References in corpus (93)

• Planck 2015 results. XIII. Cosmological parameters
• Stellar population synthesis at the resolution of 2003
• The chemical composition of the Sun
• Galactic Stellar and Substellar Initial Mass Function
• The cosmological simulation code GADGET-2
• Star Formation in the Milky Way and Nearby Galaxies
• The propagation of uncertainties in stellar population synthesis modeling I: The relevance of uncertain aspects of stellar evolution and the IMF to the derived physical properties of galaxies
• A Highly Consistent Framework for the Evolution of the Star-Forming "Main Sequence" from z~0-6
• Physical Models of Galaxy Formation in a Cosmological Framework
• Nucleosynthesis in Chandrasekhar Mass Models for Type Ia Supernovae and Constraints on Progenitor Systems and Burning-Front Propagation
• A Multi-Code Analysis Toolkit for Astrophysical Simulation Data
• GIZMO: A New Class of Accurate, Mesh-Free Hydrodynamic Simulation Methods
• The Mass-Metallicity Relation at z~2
• Multi-scale initial conditions for cosmological simulations
• Nucleosynthesis Yields of Core-Collapse Supernovae and Hypernovae, and Galactic Chemical Evolution
• Gusty, gaseous flows of FIRE: galactic winds in cosmological simulations with explicit stellar feedback
• Mass, Metal, and Energy Feedback in Cosmological Simulations
• ISM masses and the star formation law at Z = 1 to 6 // ALMA observations of dust continuum in 145 galaxies in the COSMOS survey field
• On the evolution of the HI column density distribution in cosmological simulations
• The Interstellar Medium In Galaxies Seen A Billion Years After The Big Bang
• The Atomic to Molecular Transition in Galaxies. II: HI and H_2 Column Densities
• The applicability of FIR fine-structure lines as Star Formation Rate tracers over wide ranges of metallicities and galaxy types
• The Effects of Stellar Rotation. II. A Comprehensive Set of Starburst99 Models
• Far Infrared Spectroscopy of Normal Galaxies: Physical Conditions in the Interstellar Medium
• Star Formation and Gas Kinematics of Quasar Host Galaxies at z~6: New insights from ALMA
• A 158 Micron [CII] Line Survey of Galaxies at z ~ 1 to 2: An Indicator of Star Formation in the Early Universe
• Toward a Unification of Star Formation Rate Determinations in the Milky Way and Other Galaxies
• MUFASA: Galaxy Formation Simulations With Meshless Hydrodynamics
• Dust in the reionization era: ALMA observations of a $z$=8.38 Galaxy
• A Comparison of Methods for Determining the Molecular Content of Model Galaxies
• Explaining the [CII]158um Deficit in Luminous Infrared Galaxies - First Results from a Herschel/PACS Study of the GOALS Sample
• The MOSDEF Survey: Mass, Metallicity, and Star-formation Rate at z~2.3
• First detection of [CII]158um at high redshift: vigorous star formation in the early universe
• A Compendium of Far-Infrared Line and Continuum Emission for 227 Galaxies Observed by the Infrared Space Observatory
• The propagation of uncertainties in stellar population synthesis modeling II: The challenge of comparing galaxy evolution models to observations
• The assembly of "normal" galaxies at z=7 probed by ALMA
• Detection of an oxygen emission line from a high redshift galaxy in the reionization epoch
• HYPERION: An open-source parallelized three-dimensional dust continuum radiative transfer code
• Rapidly star-forming galaxies adjacent to quasars at redshifts exceeding 6
• The [CII] 158 um Line Deficit in Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies Revisited
• The Mass Spectra of Giant Molecular Clouds in the Local Group
• [CII] 158 $\mu$m Emission as a Star Formation Tracer
• Ly$\alpha$ profile, dust, and prediction of Ly$\alpha$ escape fraction in Green Pea Galaxies
• The Formation of Submillimetre-Bright Galaxies from Gas Infall over a Billion Years
• An Intensely Star-Forming Galaxy at z~7 with Low Dust and Metal Content Revealed by Deep ALMA and HST Observations
• On the [CII]-SFR relation in high redshift galaxies
• [CII] 158$\mu$m Emission and Metallicity in PDRs
• Collisional Excitation of the [CII] Fine Structure Transition in Interstellar Clouds
• The Herschel Comprehensive (U)LIRG Emission Survey (HerCULES): CO Ladders, fine structure lines, and neutral gas cooling
• The nature of the [CII] emission in dusty star-forming galaxies from the SPT survey
• The CO-H2 Conversion Factor in Disc Galaxies and Mergers
• Detection of atomic carbon [CII] 158 micron and dust emission from a z=7.1 quasar host galaxy
• Tracing the reionization epoch with ALMA: [CII] emission in z~7 galaxies
• Star formation and the interstellar medium in z>6 UV-luminous Lyman-break galaxies
• A Physical Model for z~2 Dust Obscured Galaxies
• Optical to mid-IR observations of Lyman-alpha galaxies at redshift 5 in the HUDF: a young and low mass population
• MUFASA: Galaxy star formation, gas, and metal properties across cosmic time
• Zooming on the internal structure of $z\simeq 6$ galaxies
• Redshift 6.4 host galaxies of 10^8 solar mass black holes: low star formation rate and dynamical mass
• A Herschel [CII] Galactic plane survey III: [CII] as a tracer of star formation
• Extreme Cosmic-Ray-Dominated-Regions: a new paradigm for high star formation density events in the Universe
• Interpreting ALMA Observations of the ISM During the Epoch of Reionisation
• [CII] emission in z ~ 6 strongly lensed, star-forming galaxies
• Low Masses and High Redshifts: The Evolution of the Mass-Metallicity Relation
• Should we believe the results of UV-mm galaxy SED modelling?
• Dust-to-metal ratios in damped Lyman-alpha absorbers: Fresh clues to the origins of dust and optical extinction towards gamma-ray bursts
• The Spatially Resolved [CII] Cooling Line Deficit in Galaxies
• ALMA Observation of 158 micron [CII] Line and Dust Continuum of a z=7 Normally Star-forming Galaxy in the Epoch of Reionization
• On the (non-)enhancement of the Lyman α equivalent width by a multiphase interstellar medium
• Evolution of the dust-to-metals ratio in high-redshift galaxies probed by GRB-DLAs
• A merger in the dusty, $z=7.5$ galaxy A1689-zD1?
• ALMA [CII] detection of a redshift 7 lensed galaxy behind RXJ1347.1-1145
• New constraints on dust emission and UV attenuation of z=6.5-7.5 galaxies from millimeter observations
• The nature of the interstellar medium of the starburst low-metallicity galaxy Haro11: a multi-phase model of the infrared emission
• Molecular gas heating mechanisms, and star formation feedback in merger/s tarbursts: NGC 6240 and Arp 193 as case studies
• A self-consistent model of Galactic stellar and dust infrared emission and the abundance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
• FIR line emission from high redshift galaxies
• Star Formation Rates from [CII] 158 um and Mid Infrared Emission Lines for Starbursts and AGN
• Sub-mm Emission Line Deep Fields: CO and [CII] Luminosity Functions out to z = 6
• First Detection of the [OIII] 88 micron Line at High Redshifts: Characterizing the Starburst and Narrow Line Regions in Extreme Luminosity Systems
• A physical model for the [CII]-FIR deficit in luminous galaxies
• Observation of the Far-ultraviolet Continuum Background with SPEAR/FIMS
• Herschel-PACS spectroscopy of IR-bright galaxies at high redshift
• The early build-up of dust in galaxies: A study of Damped Ly alpha Systems
• A search for CII-158$\mu$m line emission in HCM\,6A, a Lyman-$\alpha$ emitter at $z=6.56$
• Search for [CII] emission in z=6.5-11 star-forming galaxies
• Herschel Observations of Far-Infrared Cooling Lines in intermediate Redshift (Ultra)-luminous Infrared Galaxies
• Radiative transfer meets Bayesian statistics: where does a galaxy's [CII] emission come from?
• Physical Properties of Spectroscopically-Confirmed Galaxies at $z\ge 6$. III. Stellar Populations from SED Modeling with Secure Ly$\alpha$ Emission and Redshifts
• The Survey of Lines in M31 (SLIM): Investigating the Origins of [CII] Emission
• Exploring the early dust-obscured phase of galaxy formation with blind mid-/far-IR spectroscopic surveys
• Extreme Galaxies During Reionization: Testing ISM and Disk Models
• Solar Energetic Particle Event Associated with the 2012 July 23 Extreme Solar Storm

Cited by in corpus (80)

• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: data processing, catalogs, and statistical source properties
• "Big Three Dragons": a z = 7.15 Lyman BreakGalaxy Detected in [OIII] 88 $\mu$m, [CII] 158 $\mu$m, and Dust Continuum with ALMA
• The [C II] emission as a molecular gas mass tracer in galaxies at low and high redshift
• Reionization Era Bright Emission Line Survey: Selection and Characterization of Luminous Interstellar Medium Reservoirs in the z>6.5 Universe
• High-redshift star formation in the ALMA era
• The [CII] 158 micron line emission in high-redshift galaxies
• Photodissociation and X-Ray Dominated Regions
• Kiloparsec-scale gaseous clumps and star formation at $z=5-7$
• Galaxy Cold Gas Contents in Modern Cosmological Hydrodynamic Simulations
• SILVERRUSH. V. Census of Lya, [OIII]5007, Ha, and [CII]158um Line Emission with ~1000 LAEs at z=4.9-7.0 Revealed with Subaru/HSC
• A Theory for the Variation of Dust Attenuation Laws in Galaxies
• Molecular Cloud Populations in the Context of Their Host Galaxy Environments: A Multiwavelength Perspective
• Missing [CII] emission from early galaxies
• The Herschel Dwarf Galaxy Survey: II. Physical conditions, origin of [CII] emission, and porosity of the multiphase low-metallicity ISM
• Kinematics of $z\ge 6$ galaxies from [CII] line emission
• A physical model for [CII] line emission from galaxies
• The assembly of dusty galaxies at $z\ge 4$: statistical properties
• Probing Cosmic Dawn with Emission Lines: Predicting Infrared and Nebular Line Emission for ALMA and JWST
• Resolved UV and [CII] structures of luminous galaxies within the epoch of reionisation
• ALMA suggests outflows in z~5.5 galaxies
• The art of modeling CO, [CI], and [CII] in cosmological galaxy formation models
• ALMA detection of extended [CII] emission in Himiko at z=6.6
• Starbursting [O III] emitters and quiescent [C II] emitters in the reionization era
• The THESAN project: predictions for multi-tracer line intensity mapping in the epoch of reionization
• The Absence of [CII] 158$\mu$m Emission in Spectroscopically-Confirmed Galaxies at $z>8$
• Powderday: Dust Radiative Transfer for Galaxy Simulations
• Velocity dispersion in the interstellar medium of early galaxies
• The Nature of High ${[\mathrm{OIII}]}_{88\mu \mathrm{m}}$/${[\mathrm{CII}]}_{158\mu \mathrm{m}}$ Galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization: Low Carbon Abundance and a Top-Heavy IMF?
• Line intensity mapping with [CII] and CO(1-0) as probes of primordial non-Gaussianity
• ALMA reveals extended cool gas and hot ionized outflows in a typical star-forming galaxy at $z=7.13$
• CONCERTO: High-fidelity simulation of millimeter line emissions of galaxies and [CII] intensity mapping
• Predicting FIR lines from simulated galaxies
• Host galaxies of high-redshift quasars: supermassive black hole growth and feedback
• Rapid early coeval star formation and assembly of the most massive galaxies in the universe
• Tracing Molecular Gas in z $\simeq$ 6 Galaxies with [C$\mathrm{II}$]
• An empirical representation of a physical model for the ISM [CII], CO, and [CI] emission at redshift $1\le z\le 9$
• High [OIII]/[CII] surface brightness ratios trace early starburst galaxies
• Synthetic observations of star formation and the interstellar medium
• Dust attenuation law in JWST galaxies at z = 7-8
• The ALPINE-ALMA [C II] Survey: [C II]158micron Emission Line Luminosity Functions at $z\sim 4-6$
• Synthetic [CII] emission maps of a simulated molecular cloud in formation
• Studying high-z galaxies with [CII] intensity mapping
• [CII] line intensity mapping the epoch of reionization with the Prime-Cam on FYST
• [CII] halos in ALPINE galaxies: smoking-gun of galactic outflows?
• On the Interpretation of Far-infrared Spectral Energy Distributions. I: The 850 $\mu$m Molecular Mass Estimator
• High resolution modeling of [CII], [CI], [OIII] and CO line emission from the ISM and CGM of a star forming galaxy at z ~ 6.5
• Dark Molecular Gas in Simulations of z~0 Disc Galaxies
• Constraints on the [CII] luminosity of a proto-globular cluster at z~6 obtained with ALMA
• The origin of the [CII]-deficit in a simulated dwarf galaxies starburst
• First detection of the [OI] 63-um emission from a redshift 6 dusty galaxy
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: the population of [CII]-undetected galaxies and their role in the ${\mathrm{L}}_{[\mathrm{CII}]}$-SFR relation
• Atomic and molecular gas as traced by [C II] emission
• Revisiting the [C II]${}_{158\mu \text{m}}$ line-intensity mapping power spectrum from the EoR using non-uniform line-luminosity scatter
• Diagnosing the interstellar medium of galaxies with far-infrared emission lines I. The [C II] 158 microns line at z~0
• The interstellar medium of high-redshift galaxies: Gathering clues from C III] and [C II] lines
• A multi-tracer empirically-driven approach to line-intensity mapping lightcones
• Chemical post-processing of magneto-hydrodynamical simulations of star-forming regions: robustness and pitfalls
• ColdSIM predictions of [C II] emission in primordial galaxies
• Diagnosing the interstellar medium of galaxies with far-infrared emission lines II. [C II], [O I], [O III], [N II] and [N III] up to z=6
• ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey: A spectral stacking analysis of [CII] in lensed $z\sim 6$ galaxies
• Spatially resolved [CII]-gas conversion factor in early galaxies
• Simulated [CII] in high-z galaxies
• $\text{slick}$: Modeling a Universe of Molecular Line Luminosities in Hydrodynamical Simulations
• The [C II] line emission as an interstellar medium probe in the MARIGOLD galaxies
• ALMA Observations for CO Emission from Luminous Lyman-break Galaxies at $z=6.0293$-$6.2037$
• Probing the Epoch of Reionization using synergies of line intensity mapping
• The ALMA-CRISTAL Survey: Complex kinematics of the galaxies at the end of the Reionization Era
• Galaxies into the Dark Ages
• Ultra-faint [CII] emission in a redshift = 2 gravitationally-lensed metal-poor dwarf galaxy
• TODDLERS: A New UV to Millimeter Emission Library for Star-Forming Regions. II. Star Formation Rate Indicators Using Auriga Zoom Simulations
• Full disc [CII] mapping of nearby star-forming galaxies: SOFIA FIFI/LS observations of NGC 3627, NGC 4321, and NGC 6946
• High$-z$ [OI] emission lines: ColdSIM simulations and ALMA observations
• SIGAME v3: Gas Fragmentation in Post-processing of Cosmological Simulations for More Accurate Infrared Line Emission Modeling
• A theoretical investigation of far-infrared fine structure lines at $z>6$ and of the origin of the [OIII]88/[CII]158 enhancement
• Tight correlation of star formation with [Ci] and CO lines across cosmic time
• Early galaxy evolution: The complex interstellar medium distribution of the z~7 galaxy A1689-zD1
• Far-infrared lines hidden in archival deep multi-wavelength surveys: Limits on [CII]-158$\mu$m at $z\sim 0.3-2.9$
• First Light And Reionisation Epoch Simulations (FLARES) III: The properties of massive dusty galaxies at cosmic dawn
• Constraining the [CII] luminosity function from the power spectrum of line-intensity maps at redshift 3.6
• Evaluating star formation rates at z = 5