An ACA Survey of [CI] ${}^3{P}_1{-}^3{P}_0$, CO $J=4-3$, and Dust Continuum in Nearby U/LIRG

Abstract

We present the results of surveying [CI] ${}^3{P}_1{-}^3{P}_0$, ${}^{12}$CO $J=4-3$, and 630 $\mu$m dust continuum emission for 36 nearby ultra/luminous infrared galaxies (U/LIRGs) using the Band 8 receiver mounted on the Atacama Compact Array (ACA) of the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array. We describe the survey, observations, data reduction, and results; the main results are as follows. (i) We confirmed that [CI] ${}^3{P}_1{-}^3{P}_0$ has a linear relationship with both the ${}^{12}$CO $J=4-3$and 630 $\mu$m continuum. (ii) In NGC 6052 and NGC 7679, ${}^{12}$CO $J=4-3$ was detected but [CI] ${}^3{P}_1{-}^3{P}_0$ was not detected with a [CI] ${}^3{P}_1{-}^3{P}_0$/ ${}^{12}$CO $J=4-3$ ratio of $\lesssim 0.08$. Two possible scenarios of weak [CI] ${}^3{P}_1{-}^3{P}_0$ emission are C${}^0$-poor/CO-rich environments or an environment with an extremely large [CI] ${}^3{P}_1{-}^3{P}_0$ missing flux. (iii) There is no clear evidence showing that galaxy mergers, AGNs, and dust temperatures control the ratios of [CI] ${}^3{P}_1{-}^3{P}_0$/ ${}^{12}$CO $J=4-3$ and $L_{[\mathrm{CI}](1-0)}^{\prime }/L_{630\mu \mathrm{m}}$. (iv) We compare our nearby U/LIRGs with high-z galaxies, such as galaxies on the star formation main sequence (MS) at z$\sim 1$ and submillimeter galaxies (SMGs) at $z=2-4$. We found that the mean value for the [CII] ${}^3{P}_1$--${}^3{P}_0$/ ${}^{12}$CO $J=4-3$ ratio of U/LIRGs is similar to that of SMGs but smaller than that of galaxies on the MS.

arXiv comment11 pages, 7 figures, and 42 pages for the appendix, accepted for publication in ApJS

References in corpus (68)

• Planck 2015 results. XIII. Cosmological parameters
• The CO-to-H2 Conversion Factor
• Some Aspects of Measurement Error in Linear Regression of Astronomical Data
• Cool Gas in High Redshift Galaxies
• The IRAS Revised Bright Galaxy Sample (RBGS)
• Molecular Gas at High Redshift
• Dusty Star-Forming Galaxies at High Redshift
• Far Infrared and Submillimeter Emission from Galactic and Extragalactic Photo-Dissociation Regions
• The Evolving Interstellar Medium of Star Forming Galaxies Since z=2 as Probed by Their Infrared Spectral Energy Distributions
• ISM masses and the star formation law at Z = 1 to 6 // ALMA observations of dust continuum in 145 galaxies in the COSMOS survey field
• Diagnostics of irradiated gas in galaxy nuclei. I: A Far-ultraviolet and X-ray dominated region code
• Fast Molecular Outflows in Luminous Galaxy Mergers: Evidence for Quasar Feedback from Herschel
• Diagnostics of irradiated dense gas in galaxy nuclei. II. A grid of XDR and PDR models
• The Evolution of ISM Mass Probed by Dust Emission -- ALMA Observations at z = 0.3 to 2
• The CI lines as tracers of molecular gas, and their prospects at high redshifts
• Herschel/PACS spectroscopy of NGC 4418 and Arp 220: H2O, H2^{18}O, OH, ^{18}OH, O I, HCN and NH3
• A Survey of Atomic Carbon at High Redshift
• The Spectral Energy Distribution of CO lines in M82
• Effective destruction of CO by cosmic rays: implications for tracing H${}_2$ gas in the Universe
• L'CO/LFIR Relations with CO Rotational Ladders of Galaxies Across the Herschel SPIRE Archive
• ALMA observations of atomic carbon in z~4 dusty star-forming galaxies
• Molecular gas in the Herschel-selected strongly lensed submillimeter galaxies at z~2-4 as probed by multi-J CO lines
• A Survey of Atomic Carbon [C I] in High-redshift Main-Sequence Galaxies
• CI emission in Ultra Luminous Infrared Galaxies as a molecular gas mass tracer
• Circumnuclear Multi-phase Gas in the Circinus Galaxy II: The Molecular and Atomic Obscuring Structures Revealed with ALMA
• Morphology and Molecular Gas Fractions of Local Luminous Infrared Galaxies as a Function of Infrared Luminosity and Merger Stage
• A gravitationally unstable gas disk of a starburst galaxy 12 billion years ago
• Discovery of four apparently cold dusty galaxies at z=3.62-5.85 in the COSMOS field: direct evidence of CMB impact on high-redshift galaxy observables
• Tracing the formation of molecular clouds via [CII], [CI] and CO emission
• Using [CI] to probe the Interstellar Medium in z~2.5 Sub-Millimeter Galaxies
• A Herschel Space Observatory Spectral Line Survey of Local Luminous Infrared Galaxies from 194 to 671 Microns
• Can dust emission be used to map the interstellar medium in high-redshift galaxies? Results from the Herschel Reference Survey
• CI and CO in the Spiral Galaxies NGC 6946 and M 83
• The properties of the interstellar medium of galaxies across time as traced by the neutral atomic carbon [CI]
• Quantifying the AGN-driven outflows in ULIRGs (QUADROS) I: VLT/Xshooter observations of 9 nearby objects
• ALMA reveals starburst-like interstellar medium conditions in a compact star-forming galaxy at z ~ 2 using [CI] and CO
• Neutral Atomic Carbon in Centers of Galaxies
• ALMA [CI]${}^3{P}_1{-}^3{P}_0$ observations of NGC6240: a puzzling molecular outflow, and the role of outflows in the global ${\alpha }_{\mathrm{CO}}$ factor of (U)LIRGs
• Neutral carbon and CO in 76 (U)LIRGs and starburst galaxy centers A method to determine molecular gas properties in luminous galaxies
• CI and CO in the nearby spiral galaxies IC 342 and Maffei 2
• Planck's dusty GEMS. VI. Multi-J CO excitation and interstellar medium conditions in dusty starburst galaxies at z=2-4
• Deceptively cold dust in the massive starburst galaxy GN20 at $z\sim 4$
• Neutral Carbon Emission in luminous infrared galaxies The \CI\ Lines as Total Molecular Gas Tracers
• AST/RO Observations of Atomic Carbon near the Galactic Center
• ALMA view of a massive spheroid progenitor: a compact rotating core of molecular gas in an AGN host at z=2.226
• New places and phases of CO-poor/CI-rich molecular gas in the Universe
• A Study of CO Emission in High Redshift QSOs Using the Owens Valley Millimeter Array
• Central molecular zones in galaxies: 12CO-to-13CO ratios, carbon budget, and X factors
• Resolved neutral carbon emission in nearby galaxies: [CI] Lines as Total Molecular Gas Tracers
• Interstellar Medium and Star Formation of Starburst Galaxies on the Merger Sequence
• ALMA Observations of Multiple-CO and C Lines Toward the Active Galactic Nucleus of NGC 7469: X-Ray-dominated Region Caught in the Act
• Total Molecular Gas Masses of Planck - Herschel Selected Strongly Lensed Hyper Luminous Infrared Galaxies
• Atomic Carbon and CO Isotope Emission in the Vicinity of DR15
• Dust continuum, CO, and [C I] 1-0 lines: self-consistent H2 mass estimates and the possibility of globally CO-dark galaxies at $z=0.35$
• Ultra-bright CO and [CI] emission in a lensed z=2.04 submillimeter galaxy with extreme molecular gas properties
• Systematic Variations of CO J=2-1/1-0 Ratio in The Barred Spiral Galaxy M83
• Clumpy photon-dominated regions in Carina. I. [CI] and mid-J CO lines in two 4'x4' fields
• The relationship between dust and [CI] at z=1 and beyond
• [CI](1-0) and [CI](2-1) in resolved local galaxies
• Extreme conditions in the molecular gas of lensed star-forming galaxies at z~3
• ALMA Observations of Atomic Carbon [C I] (${{}^3\mathrm{P}}_1\to {{}^3\mathrm{P}}_0$) and Low-$J$ CO Lines in the Starburst Galaxy NGC 1808
• Extended Carbon Line Emission in the Galaxy: Searching for Dark Molecular Gas along the G328 Sightline
• ALMA [CI] observations toward the central region of a Seyfert galaxy NGC 613
• Molecular gas and Star Formation Properties in Early Stage Mergers: SMA CO(2-1) Observations of the LIRGs NGC 3110 and NGC 232
• The nuclear starburst activity in the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 7679
• Discovery of a [CI]-faint, CO-bright Galaxy: ALMA Observations of the Merging Galaxy NGC 6052
• Observations of the [CI] (${}^3{P}_1$-${}^3{P}_0$) emission toward the massive star-forming region RCW38: further evidence for highly-clumped density distribution of the molecular gas
• Revisited cold gas content with atomic carbon [C I] in z=2.5 protocluster galaxies

Cited by in corpus (12)

• A sensitive APEX and ALMA CO(1-0), CO(2-1), CO(3-2), and [CI](1-0) spectral survey of 40 local (U)LIRGs
• AGN impact on the molecular gas in galactic centers as probed by CO lines
• Bright Extragalactic ALMA Redshift Survey (BEARS) III: Detailed study of emission lines from 71 Herschel targets
• An investigation of the circumgalactic medium around z~2.2 AGN with ACA and ALMA
• Lack of Correlations between Cold Molecular Gas and AGN Properties in Type 1 AGNs at $z\lesssim 0.5$
• CI and CO in Nearby Spiral Galaxies -- I. Line Ratio and Abundance Variations at ~ 200 pc Scales
• Metallicity dependence of the CO-to-H${}_2$ and the [CI]-to-H${}_2$ conversion factors in galaxies
• Ionized Carbon in Galaxies: The [C II] 158 $\mu$m Line as a Total Molecular Gas Mass Tracer Revisited
• Spatially-resolved relation between [CI] ${}^3{P}_1$-${}^3{P}_0$ and ${}^{12}$CO (1-0) in Arp 220
• Main Sequence to Starburst Transitioning Galaxies: Gamma-ray Burst Hosts at $z\sim 2$
• Deep kiloparsec view of the molecular gas in a massive star-forming galaxy at cosmic noon
• From Non-Detection to Detection: Atacama Compact Array Mosaic Observations of Faint Extended [C I] Emission in NGC 7679