Significant Molecular Gas Deficiencies in Star-forming Cluster Galaxies at $z\sim 1.4$

Abstract

We present the average gas properties derived from ALMA Band 6 dust continuum imaging of 126 massive (log $M_{\star }/M_{\odot }\gtrsim 10.5$), star-forming cluster galaxies across 11 galaxy clusters at $z=1-1.75$. Using stacking analysis on the ALMA images, combined with UV-far-infrared data, we quantify the average infrared SEDs and gas properties (molecular gas masses, $M_{\mathrm{mol}}$; gas depletion timescales, ${\tau }_{\mathrm{depl}}$; and gas fractions, f${}_{\mathrm{gas}}$) as a function of cluster-centric radius and properties including stellar mass and distance from the Main Sequence. We find a significant dearth in the ALMA fluxes relative to that expected in the field $-$ with correspondingly low $M_{\mathrm{mol}}$ and f${}_{\mathrm{gas}}$ and short ${\tau }_{\mathrm{depl}}$ $-$ with weak or no dependence on cluster-centric radius out to twice the virial radius. The Herschel+ALMA SEDs indicate warmer dust temperatures ($\sim 36-38$ K) than coeval field galaxies ($\sim 30$ K). We perform a thorough comparison of the cluster galaxy gas properties to field galaxies, finding deficits of 2-3x, 3-4x, and 2-4x in $M_{\mathrm{mol}}$, ${\tau }_{\mathrm{depl}}$, and f${}_{\mathrm{gas}}$ compared to coeval field stacks and larger deficits compared to field scaling relations built primarily on detections. The cluster gas properties derived here are comparable with stacking analyses in (proto-)clusters in the literature and at odds with findings of field-like ${\tau }_{\mathrm{depl}}$ and enhanced f${}_{\mathrm{gas}}$ reported using CO and dust continuum detections. Our analysis suggests that environment has considerable impact on gas properties out to large radii, in good agreement with cosmological simulations which project gas depletion begins beyond the virial radius and largely completes by first passage of the cluster core.

arXiv commentAccepted for publication in ApJ

References in corpus (140)

• Array Programming with NumPy
• Galactic Stellar and Substellar Initial Mass Function
• The Astropy Project: Building an inclusive, open-science project and status of the v2.0 core package
• On the variation of the Initial Mass Function
• Dust Grain Size Distributions and Extinction in the Milky Way, LMC, and SMC
• Galaxy Bimodality due to Cold Flows and Shock Heating
• A Highly Consistent Framework for the Evolution of the Star-Forming "Main Sequence" from z~0-6
• Virial shocks in galactic haloes?
• Differential Galaxy Evolution in Cluster and Field Galaxies at z=0.3
• The lesser role of starbursts for star formation at z=2
• Calibrating Extinction-Free Star Formation Rate Diagnostics with 33GHz Free-Free Emission in NGC6946
• The Herschel Multi-tiered Extragalactic Survey: HerMES
• Ram Pressure Stripping of Spiral Galaxies in Clusters
• PHIBSS: Unified Scaling Relations of Gas Depletion Time and Molecular Gas Fractions
• Galaxy evolution in groups and clusters: satellite star formation histories and quenching timescales in a hierarchical Universe
• Determining Star Formation Rates for Infrared Galaxies
• PRIMUS: Constraints on Star Formation Quenching and Galaxy Merging, and the Evolution of the Stellar Mass Function From z=0-1
• ISM masses and the star formation law at Z = 1 to 6 // ALMA observations of dust continuum in 145 galaxies in the COSMOS survey field
• Feedback and Recycled Wind Accretion: Assembling the z=0 Galaxy Mass Function
• The Evolution of the Star-forming Interstellar Medium across Cosmic Time
• Rotation-Dependent Catastrophic Disruption of Gravitational Aggregates
• Dependence of the outer density profiles of halos on their mass accretion rate
• Far-infrared Spectral Energy Distribution Fitting for Galaxies Near and Far
• A deep ALMA image of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field
• Evolution of Interstellar Medium, Star Formation, and Accretion at High Redshift
• The Gemini Cluster Astrophysics Spectroscopic Survey (GCLASS): The Role of Environment and Self-Regulation in Galaxy Evolution at z ~ 1
• The realm of the galaxy protoclusters
• Disruption of Dark Matter Substructure: Fact or Fiction?
• The splashback radius as a physical halo boundary and the growth of halo mass
• Dark Matter Substructure in Numerical Simulations: A Tale of Discreteness Noise, Runaway Instabilities, and Artificial Disruption
• The Evolution of ISM Mass Probed by Dust Emission -- ALMA Observations at z = 0.3 to 2
• Clusters of Galaxies in the First Half of the Universe from the IRAC Shallow Survey
• The DEEP2 Galaxy Redshift Survey: The Relationship Between Galaxy Properties and Environment at z ~ 1
• Why does the environmental influence on group and cluster galaxies extend beyond the virial radius?
• The Interstellar dust properties of nearby galaxies
• Discovery of a galaxy cluster with a violently starbursting core at z=2.506
• Reversal of Fortune: Confirmation of an Increasing Star Formation-Density Relation in a Cluster at z=1.62
• A unified empirical model for infrared galaxy counts based on observed physical evolution of distant galaxies
• The Hydrangea simulations: galaxy formation in and around massive clusters
• Galaxy Protoclusters as Drivers of Cosmic Star-Formation History in the First 2 Gyr
• The Era of Star Formation in Galaxy Clusters
• Jellyfish: Evidence of extreme ram-pressure stripping in massive galaxy clusters
• Dust temperature and mid-to-total infrared color distributions for star-forming galaxies at 0<z<4
• Star formation and AGN activity in SDSS cluster galaxies
• Phase-space Analysis in the Group and Cluster environment: Time since Infall and Tidal Mass Loss
• MUSE sneaks a peek at extreme ram-pressure stripping events. I. A kinematic study of the archetypal galaxy ESO137-001
• A Massive, Cooling-Flow-Induced Starburst in the Core of a Highly Luminous Galaxy Cluster
• Evolution of Galaxies and their Environments at z = 0.1 to 3 in COSMOS
• The Constant Average Relationship between Dust-obscured Star Formation and Stellar Mass from $z=0$ to $z=2.5$
• Ram pressure stripping of disc galaxies orbiting in clusters. I. Mass and radius of the remaining gas disc
• On the influence of ram-pressure stripping on the star formation of simulated spiral galaxies
• Spectacular X-ray tails, intracluster star formation and ULXs in A3627
• IDCS J1426+3508: Discovery of a Massive, IR-Selected Galaxy Cluster at z = 1.75
• The Cluster and Field Galaxy AGN Fraction at z = 1 to 1.5: Evidence for a Reversal of the Local Anticorrelation Between Environment and AGN Fraction
• Photometric Redshifts in the IRAC Shallow Survey
• Ram pressure stripping of disc galaxies: The role of the inclination angle
• Simulations of ram-pressure stripping in galaxy-cluster interactions
• The Herschel census of infrared SEDs through cosmic time
• The role of star-formation and AGN in dust heating of z = 0.3-2.8 galaxies - I. Evolution with redshift and luminosity
• Abundant molecular gas and inefficient star formation in intracluster regions: Ram pressure stripped tail of the Norma galaxy ESO137-001
• Star formation quenching in simulated group and cluster galaxies: When, how, and why?
• X-ray thermal coronae of galaxies in hot clusters -- ubiquity of embedded mini cooling cores
• Galactic star formation enhanced and quenched by ram pressure in groups and clusters
• VLA and ALMA Imaging of Intense, Galaxy-Wide Star Formation in z ~ 2 Galaxies
• HerMES: The Contribution to the Cosmic Infrared Background from Galaxies Selected by Mass and Redshift
• A Multiwavelength Consensus on the Main Sequence of Star-Forming Galaxies at z~2
• The XMM Cluster Survey: Active Galactic Nuclei and Starburst Galaxies in XMMXCS J2215.9-1738 at z=1.46
• A 70 kpc X-ray tail in the cluster A3627
• An IR-Selected Galaxy Cluster at z = 1.41
• Three-dimensional simulations of the interstellar medium in dwarf galaxies - I. Ram pressure stripping
• The environmental dependence of the stellar mass function at z~1: Comparing cluster and field between the GCLASS and UltraVISTA surveys
• The FLAMINGOS Extragalactic Survey
• The splashback radius of halos from particle dynamics. II. Dependence on mass, accretion rate, redshift, and cosmology
• Satellite quenching timescales in clusters from projected phase space measurements matched to simulated orbits
• Ram-pressure stripped molecular gas in the Virgo spiral galaxy NGC 4522
• ALMA unveils widespread molecular gas clumps in the ram pressure stripped tail of the Norma jellyfish galaxy
• The evolution of dust-obscured star formation activity in galaxy clusters relative to the field over the last 9 billion years
• Star Formation and AGN Activity in Galaxy Clusters from $z=1-2$: a Multi-wavelength Analysis Featuring $Herschel$/PACS
• Gone after one orbit: How cluster environments quench galaxies
• Automated Mining of the ALMA Archive in the COSMOS Field (A3COSMOS): I. Robust ALMA Continuum Photometry Catalogs and Stellar Mass and Star Formation Properties for ~700 Galaxies at z=0.5-6
• The Formation of Massive Cluster Galaxies
• Effect of turbulent diffusion on iron abundance profiles
• Can dust emission be used to map the interstellar medium in high-redshift galaxies? Results from the Herschel Reference Survey
• The ALMA Fornax Cluster Survey I: stirring and stripping of the molecular gas in cluster galaxies
• ALMA Deep Field in SSA22: Source Catalog and Number Counts
• Quenching of Satellite Galaxies at the Outskirts of Galaxy Clusters
• ALMA Observations of Gas-Rich Galaxies in z~1.6 Galaxy Clusters: Evidence for Higher Gas Fractions in High-Density Environments
• Evidence for strong evolution in galaxy environmental quenching efficiency between z = 1.6 and z = 0.9
• The X-ray luminous galaxy cluster XMMU J1007.4+1237 at z=1.56 - The dawn of starburst activity in cluster cores
• Molecular gas reservoirs in cluster galaxies at z=1.46
• The Massive and Distant Clusters of WISE Survey. I: Survey Overview and a Catalog of >2000 Galaxy Clusters at z~1
• The Suppression of Star Formation and the Effect of Galaxy Environment in Low-Redshift Galaxy Groups
• Measurement of the Splashback Feature around SZ-selected Galaxy Clusters with DES, SPT and ACT
• A Uniform Contribution of Core-Collapse and Type Ia Supernovae to the Chemical Enrichment Pattern in the Outskirts of the Virgo Cluster
• The reversal of the SF-density relation in a massive, X-ray selected galaxy cluster at z=1.58: results from Herschel
• The Hot Gas Halos of Galaxies in Groups
• IDCS J1433.2+3306: An IR-Selected Galaxy Cluster at z = 1.89
• Deep CO(1-0) Observations of z=1.62 Cluster Galaxies with Substantial Molecular Gas Reservoirs and Normal Star Formation Efficiencies
• Revealing environmental dependence of molecular gas content in a distant X-ray cluster at z=2.51
• Properties of star-forming galaxies in a cluster and its surrounding structure at z=1.46
• X-Ray Emission from Two Infrared-Selected Galaxy Clusters at z>1.4 in the IRAC Shallow Cluster Survey
• Environmental impacts on molecular gas in protocluster galaxies at z~2
• Emergence of an Ultra-Red Ultra-Massive Galaxy Cluster Core at $z=4$
• The Molecular Gas Reservoirs of $z\sim 2$ Galaxies: A comparison of CO(1-0) and dust-based molecular gas masses
• H$\alpha$ Star Formation Rates of $z$ > 1 Galaxy Clusters in the IRAC Shallow Cluster Survey
• On the Gas Content, Star Formation Efficiency, and Environmental Quenching of Massive Galaxies in Proto-Clusters at z~2.0-2.5
• A homogeneous measurement of the delay between the onsets of gas stripping and star formation quenching in satellite galaxies of groups and clusters
• The Three Hundred Project: Ram pressure and gas content of haloes and subhaloes in the phase-space plane
• The Journey Counts: The Importance of Including Orbits when Simulating Ram Pressure Stripping
• Merger driven star-formation activity in Cl J1449+0856 at z=1.99 as seen by ALMA and JVLA
• The Splashback Radius of Planck-SZ clusters
• Star formation in the cluster CLG0218.3-0510 at z=1.62 and its large-scale environment: the infrared perspective
• YZiCS: Unveiling Quenching History of Cluster Galaxies Using Phase-space Analysis
• Quantifying Photometric Redshift Errors in the Absence of Spectroscopic Redshifts
• Resolving CO (2-1) in z~1.6 Gas-Rich Cluster Galaxies with ALMA: Rotating Molecular Gas Disks with Possible Signatures of Gas Stripping
• The Role of Penetrating Gas Streams in Setting the Dynamical State of Galaxy Clusters
• The Phase Space of z~1.2 SpARCS Clusters: Using Herschel to probe Dust Temperature as a Function of Environment and Accretion History
• Galaxy population properties of the massive X-ray luminous galaxy cluster XDCP J0044.0-2033 at z=1.58: red-sequence formation, massive galaxy assembly, and central star formation activity
• Comprehensive Gas Characterization of a $z=2.5$ Protocluster: A Cluster Core Caught in the Beginning of Virialization?
• Evolutionary phases of gas-rich galaxies in a galaxy cluster at z=1.46
• Galaxy Cluster Correlation Function to z ~ 1.5 in the IRAC Shallow Cluster Survey
• A WISE View of Star Formation in Local Galaxy Clusters
• X-Ray Spectral Properties of the Cluster Abell 2029
• Cosmic Star Formation Activity at z=2.2 Probed by H-alpha Emission Line Galaxies
• The Far Infrared Emission of the First Massive Galaxies
• A UV to Mid-IR Study of AGN Selection
• ALMA pin-points a strong over-density of U/LIRGs in the massive cluster XCS J2215 at z=1.46
• Galaxy Merger Fractions in Two Clusters at $z\sim 2$ Using the Hubble Space Telescope
• Multi-Wavelength Study of a Complete IRAC 3.6micron-Selected Galaxy Sample: a Fair Census of Red and Blue Populations at Redshifts 0.4-1
• On the Interpretation of Far-infrared Spectral Energy Distributions. I: The 850 $\mu$m Molecular Mass Estimator
• Discovery of "Warm Dust" Galaxies in Clusters at z~0.3: Evidence for Stripping of Cool Dust in the Dense Environment?
• The Three Hundred Project: The gas disruption of infalling objects in cluster environments
• Environmental Effect on the Interstellar Medium in Galaxies across the Cosmic Web at z=0.73
• Tidal Interactions and Mergers in Intermediate Redshift EDisCS Clusters
• Measuring the total infrared light from galaxy clusters at z=0.5-1.6: connecting stellar populations to dusty star formation
• The Rest-frame $H$-band Luminosity Function of Red Sequence Galaxies in Clusters at $1.0<z<1.3$
• Environmental impacts on dust temperature of star-forming galaxies in the local Universe
• SEEDisCS I. Molecular gas in galaxy clusters and their large scale structure: the case of CL1411.1$-$1148 at $z\sim 0.5$
• SEEDisCS II. Molecular gas in galaxy clusters and their large scale structure: low gas fraction galaxies, the case of CL1301.7$-$1139
• H-ATLAS: The Far-Infrared properties of galaxies in and around the Coma Cluster

Cited by in corpus (8)

• High-resolution ALMA study of CO (2-1) line and dust continuum emissions in cluster galaxies at z = 1.46
• The GOGREEN Survey: Constraining the Satellite Quenching Timescale in Massive Clusters at $\mathbf{z}\gtrsim 1$
• When the Well Runs Dry: Modeling Environmental Quenching of High-mass Satellites in Massive Clusters at \boldmath$z\gtrsim 1$
• A large-scale kinematic study of molecular gas in high-z cluster galaxies: Evidence for high levels of kinematic asymmetry
• Cosmic evolution of the incidence of Active Galactic Nuclei in massive clusters: Simulations versus observations
• The relationship between cluster environment and molecular gas content of star-forming galaxies in the EAGLE simulation
• Gas properties as a function of environment in the proto-supercluster Hyperion at z ~ 2.45
• ALMA measures molecular gas reservoirs comparable to field galaxies in a low-mass galaxy cluster at z=1.3