WISDOM project - IV. A molecular gas dynamical measurement of the supermassive black hole mass in NGC 524

Abstract

We present high angular resolution (0.3" or 37 pc) Atacama Large Millimeter/sub-millimeter Array (ALMA) observations of the CO(2-1) line emission from a central disc in the early-type galaxy NGC 524. This disc is shown to be dynamically relaxed, exhibiting ordered rotation about a compact 1.3mm continuum source, which we identify as emission from an active supermassive black hole (SMBH). There is a hole at the centre of the disc slightly larger than the SMBH sphere of influence. An azimuthal distortion of the observed velocity field is found to be due to either a position angle warp or radial gas flow over the inner 2.5". By forward-modelling the observations, we obtain an estimate of the SMBH mass of $4.0_{-2.0}^{+3.5}\times 10^8{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$, where the uncertainties are at the $3\sigma$ level. The uncertainties are dominated by the poorly constrained inclination and the stellar mass-to-light ratio of this galaxy, and our measurement is consistent with the established correlation between SMBH mass and stellar velocity dispersion. Our result is roughly half that of the previous stellar dynamical measurement, but is consistent within the uncertainties of both. We also present and apply a new tool for modelling complex molecular gas distributions.

arXiv comment17 pages, 9 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

References in corpus (55)

• A Fundamental Relation Between Supermassive Black Holes and Their Host Galaxies
• Coevolution (Or Not) of Supermassive Black Holes and Host Galaxies
• The Demography of Massive Dark Objects in Galaxy Centres
• The many lives of active galactic nuclei: cooling flows, black holes and the luminosities and colours of galaxies
• A Relationship Between Nuclear Black Hole Mass and Galaxy Velocity Dispersion
• The EAGLE project: Simulating the evolution and assembly of galaxies and their environments
• Final Results from the Hubble Space Telescope Key Project to Measure the Hubble Constant
• Introducing the Illustris Project: Simulating the coevolution of dark and visible matter in the Universe
• The SBF Survey of Galaxy Distances. IV. SBF Magnitudes, Colors, and Distances
• Revisiting the Scaling Relations of Black Hole Masses and Host Galaxy Properties
• The SAURON project - IV. The mass-to-light ratio, the virial mass estimator and the fundamental plane of elliptical and lenticular galaxies
• Supermassive Black Holes in Galactic Nuclei: Past, Present and Future Research
• The SAURON project -- IX. A kinematic classification for early-type galaxies
• The Centers of Early-Type Galaxies with HST. IV. Central Parameter Relations
• The Atlas3D project - XV. Benchmark for early-type galaxies scaling relations from 260 dynamical models: mass-to-light ratio, dark matter, Fundamental Plane and Mass Plane
• Theoretical Challenges in Galaxy Formation
• Kinemetry: a generalisation of photometry to the higher moments of the line-of-sight velocity distribution
• Efficient Multi-Gaussian Expansion of galaxies
• The Atlas3D project -- IV: the molecular gas content of early-type galaxies
• Non-linear Least Squares Fitting in IDL with MPFIT
• The Current Status of Galaxy Formation
• Measuring non-axisymmetry in spiral galaxies
• Unification of the Fundamental Plane and Super-Massive Black Holes Masses
• The Atlas3D project - XIV. The extent and kinematics of molecular gas in early-type galaxies
• The counterrotating core and the black hole mass of IC1459
• Modeling Non-Circular Motions in Disk Galaxies: Application to NGC 2976
• Dynamical masses of early-type galaxies at z~2: Are they truly superdense?
• Early-type galaxies in different environments: an HI view
• Molecular gas and star formation in early-type galaxies
• Simulations of Galaxy Formation in a Lambda CDM Universe III: The Dissipative Formation of an Elliptical Galaxy
• A black-hole mass measurement from molecular gas kinematics in NGC4526
• Further Clues to the Nature of Composite LINER/HII Galaxies
• Recovering the intrinsic shape of early-type galaxies
• Structure and Kinematics of Molecular Disks in Fast-Rotator Early-Type Galaxies
• WISDOM Project - II: Molecular gas measurement of the supermassive black hole mass in NGC4697
• Dominant dark matter and a counter rotating disc: MUSE view of the low luminosity S0 galaxy NGC 5102
• Determination of masses of the central black holes in NGC524 and NGC2549 using Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics
• The Atlas3D project -- XXXI. Nuclear radio emission in nearby early-type galaxies
• Black-hole-regulated star formation in massive galaxies
• The Atlas3D project - V. The CO Tully-Fisher relation of early-type galaxies
• Molecular gas and star formation in the red-sequence counter-rotating disc galaxy NGC 4550
• WISDOM Project - I: Black Hole Mass Measurement Using Molecular Gas Kinematics in NGC 3665
• WISDOM Project - III: Molecular gas measurement of the supermassive black hole mass in the barred lenticular galaxy NGC4429
• Physics of Galactic Metals: Evolutionary Effects due to Production, Distribution, Feedback & Interaction with Black Holes
• A Measurement of the Black-Hole Mass in NGC 1097 using ALMA
• Spatially resolved variations of the IMF mass normalisation in early-type galaxies as probed by molecular gas kinematics
• Error estimation in astronomy: A guide
• A figure of merit for black hole mass measurements with molecular gas
• Optimization of Moment Masking for CO Spectral Line Surveys
• The molecular polar disc in NGC 2768
• Toward Precision Black Hole Masses with ALMA: NGC 1332 as a Case Study in Molecular Disk Dynamics
• Face-on galaxies NGC 524 and NGC 6340: chemically decoupled nuclei and inclined circumnuclear disks
• Forming circumnuclear disks and rings in galactic nuclei: a competition between supermassive black hole and nuclear star cluster
• Black hole mass measurement using molecular gas kinematics: what ALMA can do
• Nonaxisymmetric models of galaxy velocity maps

Cited by in corpus (28)

• The Kinematics of z ~ 6 Quasar Host Galaxies
• Spiral morphology in an intensely star-forming disk galaxy more than 12 billion years ago
• Revealing the intermediate-mass black hole at the heart of the dwarf galaxy NGC 404 with sub-parsec resolution ALMA observations
• Black Hole Mass Measurements of Radio Galaxies NGC 315 and NGC 4261 Using ALMA CO Observations
• The ALMA Discovery of the Rotating Disk and Fast Outflow of Cold Molecular Gas in NGC 1275
• WISDOM project -- V. Resolving molecular gas in Keplerian rotation around the supermassive black hole in NGC 0383
• WISDOM Project -- X. The morphology of the molecular ISM in galaxy centres and its dependence on galaxy structure
• A Precision Measurement of the Mass of the Black Hole in NGC 3258 from High-Resolution ALMA Observations of its Circumnuclear Disk
• The AGN fuelling/feedback cycle in nearby radio galaxies II. Kinematics of the molecular gas
• The MBHBM* Project -- I: Measurement of the Central Black Hole Mass in Dwarf Galaxy NGC 3504 Using Molecular Gas Kinematics
• Black hole mass measurement using ALMA observations of [CI] and CO emissions in the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC7469
• WISDOM Project -- VII. Molecular gas measurement of the supermassive black hole mass in NGC 7052
• WISDOM project -- XIV. SMBH mass in the early-type galaxies NGC0612, NGC1574, and NGC4261 from CO dynamical modelling
• The MBHBM${}^{\star }$ Project -- II. Molecular Gas Kinematics in the Lenticular Galaxy NGC 3593 Reveal a Supermassive Black Hole
• WISDOM project -- VIII. Multi-scale feedback cycles in the brightest cluster galaxy NGC 0708
• An ALMA Gas-dynamical Mass Measurement of the Supermassive Black Hole in the Local Compact Galaxy UGC 2698
• WISDOM project -- VI. Exploring the relation between supermassive black hole mass and galaxy rotation with molecular gas
• Black Hole Mass Measurements of Early-Type Galaxies NGC 1380 and NGC 6861 Through ALMA and HST Observations and Gas-Dynamical Modeling
• WISDOM Project -- XIII. Feeding molecular gas to the supermassive black hole in the starburst AGN-host galaxy Fairall 49
• The MASSIVE survey -- XIX. Molecular gas measurements of the supermassive black hole masses in the elliptical galaxies NGC 1684 and NGC 0997
• WISDOM Project -- XXII. A 5% precision CO-dynamical supermassive black hole mass measurement in the galaxy NGC 383
• WISDOM Project -- XIX. Figures of merit for supermassive black hole mass measurements using molecular gas and/or megamaser kinematics
• WISDOM project -- XVIII. Molecular gas distributions and kinematics of three megamaser galaxies
• Kinematics of molecular gas in star-forming galaxies with large-scale ionised outflows
• Cool Interstellar Medium as an Evolutionary Tracer in ALMA-Observed Local Dusty Early-Type Galaxies
• A self-supervised, physics-aware, Bayesian neural network architecture for modelling galaxy emission-line kinematics
• Beyond Sgr A* and M87*: Sub-Microarcsecond Black Hole Shadow Detection via Lunar-based Extremely Long Baseline Interferometry
• WISDOM Project -- XXVI. Cross-checking supermassive black hole mass estimates from ALMA CO gas kinematics and SINFONI stellar kinematics in the galaxy NGC 4751