A physical model for the hard X-ray background

Abstract

We combine a semi-analytic galaxy formation model (Nulsen and Fabian 1997) with a prescription for the obscured growth of massive black holes (Nulsen and Fabian 2000; Fabian 1999), to reproduce the hard X-ray background (XRB), the local 2-10keV AGN luminosity function and the source counts, including recent Chandra results. The model also complies with constraints on the AGN contribution to the far-infrared and sub-mm backgrounds. The co-moving density of luminous AGN [L(2-10keV)>1E44 erg/s, in the unabsorbed rest- frame] in the model declines sharply since z=2, mimicking the observed evolution of the quasar population. The abundance of lower luminosity AGN simultaneously increases, and we identify such objects with the Seyfert galaxies. These features reflect an epoch-dependent rate of Bondi accretion from the hot, cooling atmosphere: at z<2.5 most AGN are fed at much less than 10 per cent of the Eddington rate, whilst at z>2.5 most accrete at 10-50 per cent Eddington. Unlike other models for quasar and galaxy formation, we do not consider major mergers between normal galaxies. The model produces an excess soft XRB below 4keV which can be removed by modifying the wind expulsion model of Fabian (1999) to incorporate anisotropic ejection.

8 pages, 5 figures (1 in GIF format); to appear in MNRAS

References in corpus (3)

• Resolving the extragalactic hard X-ray background
• X-ray Spectra of a large sample of Quasars with ASCA
• X-ray Sources in the Hubble Deep Field Detected by Chandra

Cited by in corpus (15)

• Hierarchical Galaxy Formation
• The Bulk of the Cosmic Infrared Background Resolved by ISOCAM
• The black-hole masses of Seyfert galaxies and quasars
• The luminosity dependence of the Type 1 AGN fraction
• The Chandra Deep Field North Survey. VI. The Nature of the Optically Faint X-ray Source Population
• Hydrodynamic Simulation of the Cosmological X-ray Background
• The Chandra Multiwavelength Project: Optical Followup of Serendipitous Chandra Sources
• The BeppoSAX High Energy Large Area Survey HELLAS, III: testing synthesis models for the X-ray background
• The accretion history of the Universe with the SKA
• On the detectability of distant Compton-thick obscured quasars
• Lens-Aided Multi-Angle Spectroscopy (LAMAS) Reveals Small-Scale Outflow Structure in Quasars
• Multi-wavelength observations of serendipitous Chandra X-ray sources in the field of A2390
• Infrared observations of serendipitous hard Chandra X-ray sources
• VLT near-infrared spectra of hard serendipitous Chandra sources
• The obscured QSO 1SAX J1218.9+2958