Towards precision measurements of accreting black holes using X-ray reflection spectroscopy

Abstract

Relativistic reflection features are commonly observed in the X-ray spectra of accreting black holes. In the presence of high quality data and with the correct astrophysical model, X-ray reflection spectroscopy can be quite a powerful tool to probe the strong gravity region, study the morphology of the accreting matter, measure black hole spins, and possibly test Einstein's theory of general relativity in the strong field regime. In the last decade, there has been significant progress in the development of the analysis of these features, thanks to more sophisticated astrophysical models and new observational facilities. Here we review the state-of-the-art in relativistic reflection modeling, listing assumptions and simplifications that may affect, at some level, the final measurements and may be investigated better in the future. We review black hole spin measurements and the most recent efforts to use X-ray reflection spectroscopy for testing fundamental physics.

arXiv comment64 pages, 23 figures. Prepared within the ISSI International Team project "Can We Use X-Ray Reflection Spectroscopy For Precision Measurements Of Accreting Black Holes?". v3: refereed version

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• Evidence for a dynamic corona in the short-term time lags of black hole X-ray binary MAXI J1820+070
• Impact of reflection Comptonization on X-ray reflection spectroscopy: the case of EXO 1846-031
• About the accuracy of the relxill/relxill_nk models in view of the next generation of X-ray missions
• Relativistic reflection within an extended hot plasma geometry
• Fast X-ray/IR observations of the black hole transient Swift~J1753.5--0127: from an IR lead to a very long jet lag
• X-Ray Tests of General Relativity with Black Holes
• Relativistic Reflection Modeling in AGN and Related Variability from PCA: A Brief Review
• The Low Temperature Corona in ESO 511$-$G030 Revealed by NuSTAR and XMM-Newton
• X-ray polarimetry-timing
• Lensing Stability and Scattering Phenomena in Anisotropic Black Hole Spacetimes in Plasma
• Observed jet power and radiative efficiency of black hole candidates in Kerr + PFDM model
• Reflecting on naked singularities: iron line fitting as a probe of the cosmic censorship conjecture
• Hard X-Ray broadband spectroscopy of Mrk 876: characterizing its spectrum
• Variable QPO lags and reduced coherence between the disc and corona in MAXI J1820+070
• Measuring black hole spins with x-ray reflection spectroscopy: A GRMHD outlook
• Morphology of Relativistically Broadened Line Emission from Axisymmetric Equatorial Accretion Disks
• Testing Regular Black Holes with X-ray data of GX 339-4
• Testing General Relativity with black hole X-ray data
• Impact of the returning radiation on X-ray reflection spectroscopy measurements: the case of Galactic black holes
• Stellar-Mass Black Holes
• Modeling reflection spectra of super-Eddington X-ray sources
• Tests of General Relativity using black hole X-ray data
• Search for Variations of Fundamental Constants
• Monte Carlo simulation of the Compton scattering and disk reflection of a cylinder with hot electrons moving away from a black hole
• Investigating the consistency of the shape and flux of X-ray reflection spectra in the hard state with an accretion disk reaching close to the black hole
• X-ray reflection spectroscopy with improved calculations of the emission angle
• Lamp-post with an outflow and the hard state of Cyg X-1
• Accretion Geometry of Black Hole X-ray Binaries: Insights from X-ray Observations
• About the ability of agnostic X-ray tests of the Kerr Hypothesis to discover new physics
• Constraining the Konoplya-Rezzolla-Zhidenko deformation parameters III: limits from stellar-mass black holes using gravitational-wave observations
• Testing General Relativity with Black Hole X-Ray Data and ABHModels
• Evidence for a moderate spin from X-ray reflection of the high-mass supermassive black hole in the cluster-hosted quasar H1821+643
• Testing General Relativity with Black Holes
• Assessing systematic uncertainties from spectral re-analysis of Cyg X-1 with different coronal geometries
• Testing non-circular black hole spacetime with X-ray reflection
• Multimission Observations of GS 1354-64 during the 2025-2026 Outburst: First Results
• Conformalons: a new class of black hole mimickers
• Fourier spectral-timing techniques for the study of accreting black holes