Improved Reflection Models of Black-Hole Accretion Disks: Treating the Angular Distribution of X-rays

Abstract

X-ray reflection models are used to constrain the properties of the accretion disk, such as the degree of ionization of the gas and the elemental abundances. In combination with general relativistic ray tracing codes, additional parameters like the spin of the black hole and the inclination to the system can be determined. However, current reflection models used for such studies only provide angle-averaged solutions for the flux reflected at the surface of the disk. Moreover, the emission angle of the photons changes over the disk due to relativistic light bending. To overcome this simplification, we have constructed the new angle-dependent reflection model RELXILL, by self-consistently connecting the XILLVER reflection models with the relativistic blurring code RELLINE.

Accepted for publication in ApJ. 14 pages, 11 Figures, 2 Tables

References in corpus (4)

• Constraining Black Hole Spin Via X-ray Spectroscopy
• A Long, Hard Look at the Low-Hard State in Accreting Black Holes
• An absorption origin for the X-ray spectral variability of MCG-6-30-15
• A systematic look at the Very High and Low/Hard state of GX 339-4: Constraining the black hole spin with a new reflection model

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• The origin of the vanishing soft X-ray excess in the changing-look Active Galactic Nucleus Mrk 590
• Reflection and timing study of the transient black hole X-ray binary MAXI J1803-298 with NuSTAR
• 2016 outburst of H~1743--322: \textit{XMM-Newton} and \textit{NuSTAR} view
• Testing The Lamp-Post and Wind Reverberation Models with XMM-Newton Observations of NGC 5506
• Testing the Kerr metric using X-ray reflection spectroscopy: spectral analysis of GX 339-4
• Search for coronal temperature variation in Seyfert galaxies
• Variable blurred reflection in the narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy Mrk 493
• Constraining the geometry of the dipping atoll 4U 1624-49 with X-ray spectroscopy and polarimetry
• A NuSTAR view of SS433: Precessional evolution of the jet-disk system
• Investigating the origin of the Fe emission lines of the Seyfert 1 galaxy Mrk~205
• A systematic study of the ultra-fast outflow responses to luminosity variations in active galactic nuclei
• Observing imprints of black hole event horizon on X-ray spectra
• Getting More Out of Black Hole Superradiance: a Statistically Rigorous Approach to Ultralight Boson Constraints from Black Hole Spin Measurements
• X-ray spectral correlations in a sample of Low-mass black hole X-ray binaries in the hard state
• Joint XMM-Newton and NuSTAR observations of the reflection spectrum of III Zw 2
• Broadband X-ray Spectral Analysis of the Dual AGN System Mrk 739
• The long-stable hard state of XTE J1752-223 and the disk truncation dilemma
• Testing the Keplerian disk hypothesis using X-ray reflection spectroscopy
• Measuring Black Hole Spins through X-ray Reflection Spectroscopy and the Relativistic Precession Model: the case of XTE J1859+226
• Constraining the geometry of AGN outflows with reflection spectroscopy
• XMM-Newton reveals a Seyfert-like X-ray spectrum in the z=3.6 QSO B1422+231
• X-ray reverberation lags from the 1.5 Seyfert galaxy NGC 5273
• An XMM-Newton Study of Six Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies at z = 0.35--0.92
• Coronal properties of the luminous radio-quiet quasar QSO B2202$-$209
• Evolution of Accretion Modes between Spectral States Inferred from Spectral and Timing Analysis of Cygnus X-1 with Insight-HXMT observations
• The Spin of a Newborn Black Hole: Swift J1728.9-3613
• Reflection features in the X-ray spectrum of Fairall 9 and implications for tests of general relativity
• Accretion and jets in a low luminosity AGN: the nucleus of NGC 1052
• A retrograde spin of the black hole in MAXI J1659--152
• A systematic study of photoionized emission and warm absorption signatures of the NLS1 Mrk 335
• X-ray Eclipse Mapping Constrains the Binary Inclination and Mass Ratio of Swift J1858.6-0814
• Revealing Thermal Comptonization of accretion-disk photons in IC4329A with AstroSat
• X-ray view of a merging supermassive black hole binary candidate SDSSJ1430+2303: Results from the first ~200 days of observations
• Ionised Accretion Discs in Active Galactic Nuclei: The Effects of a Lamppost with a Variable Height
• Accretion Flow Properties of EXO 1846-031 During its Multi-Peaked Outburst After Long Quiescence
• Multi-wavelength view of the galactic black-hole binary GRS 1716-249
• Constraints on the ultra-fast outflows in the narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy Mrk 1044 from high-resolution time- and flux-resolved spectroscopy
• The NuSTAR view of the changing look AGN ESO 323-G77
• The Ultra-Fast Outflow of WKK 4438: Suzaku and NuSTAR X-ray Spectral Analysis
• Accretion disc-corona and jet emission from the radio-loud narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy RX J1633.3+4719
• Uncovering the primary X-ray emission and possible starburst component in the polarized NLS1 Mrk 1239
• Quasi-simultaneous Integral, Swift, And Nustar Observations Of The New X-ray Clocked Burster 1rxsj180408.9-342058
• The disk wind in GRS 1915+105 as seen by Insight-HXMT
• The bright black hole X-ray binary 4U 1543--47 during 2021 outburst: a thick accretion disk inflated by high luminosity
• Highly ionized disc and transient outflows in the Seyfert galaxy IRAS 18325-5926
• Relativistic reflection spectra of super-spinning black holes
• The Effect of Microlensing On the Observed X-ray Energy Spectra of Gravitationally Lensed Quasars
• X-ray Lags in PDS 456 Revealed by Suzaku Observations
• Complex Optical/UV and X-ray Variability of the Seyfert 1 galaxy 1H 0419-577
• Origin of the complex iron line structure and spectral variation in Mrk 766
• Multi-wavelength study of NGC 1365: The obscured active nucleus and off-nuclear compact X-ray sources
• Unwrapping the X-ray Spectra of Active Galactic Nuclei
• The nature of X-ray spectral variability in MCG-6-30-15
• Probing the near-horizon region of Cygnus X-1 with Suzaku and NuSTAR
• Proof of principle X-ray reflection mass measurement of the black hole in H1743-322
• Study of the reflection spectra of SAX J1748.9-2021
• Impact of the returning radiation in current tests of the Kerr black hole hypothesis using X-ray reflection spectroscopy
• Broadband Spectral properties of MAXI J1348--630 using AstroSat Observations
• Testing Gravity with Black Hole X-Ray Data
• The 2018 outburst of MAXI J1820+070 as seen by Insight-HXMT
• NuSTAR spectral analysis of three Seyfert galaxies: NGC 3227, NGC 5548 and MR 2251$-$178
• The inner flow geometry in MAXI J1820+070 during hard and hard-intermediate states
• The composite X-ray spectrum of 3CRR Quasars
• A broadband X-ray view of the NLSy1 1E 0754.6+392.8
• AstroSat and NuSTAR observations of XTE J1739-285 during the 2019-2020 outburst
• X-ray spectral and timing analysis of the Compton Thick Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 1068
• The X-ray emission of the Seyfert 2 galaxy MCG-01-24-12
• Rapid spectral transition of the black hole binary V404 Cyg
• Rapid Variability of the accretion disk wind in the narrow line Seyfert 1, PG 1448+273
• Probing the accretion geometry of the atoll source 4U 1702-429 in different spectral states with NICER, NuSTAR, and AstroSat
• Testing the $\delta$-Kerr metric with black hole X-ray data
• Revisiting the galactic X-ray binary MAXI J1631-479: Implications for high inclination and a massive black hole
• Testing general relativity with supermassive black holes using X-ray reflection spectroscopy
• Prospects for Time-Domain and Multi-Messenger Science with eXTP
• The broad-band spectrum of the Narrow-line Seyfert 1 NGC 4748: from UV to hard X-ray
• The Iron Line Profile from Warped Black Hole Accretion Disks
• Coordinated X-ray and UV absorption within the accretion disk wind of the active galactic nucleus PG 1126-041
• Red-skewed K$\alpha$ iron lines in GX 13+1
• Impact of ionization and electron density gradients in X-ray reflection spectroscopy measurements
• A hard look at the X-ray spectral variability of NGC 7582
• Broadband spectral analysis of Mrk 926 using multi-epoch X-ray observations
• Effects of the refractive index of the X-ray corona on the emission lines in AGN
• Constraining X-ray Coronal Size with Transverse Motion of AGN Ultra-Fast Outflows
• Evidence of hard power-law spectral cutoff and disc reflection features from the X-ray transient XTE J1739-285
• A UV to X-ray view of soft excess in type 1 AGNs: I. sample selection and spectral profile
• The spin measurement of MAXI J1348-630 using the Insight-HXMT data
• The XMM-Newton and NuSTAR view of IRASF11119+3257. I Detection of multiple UFO components and a very cold corona
• A weakening Compton hump and soft X-ray excess detected in the Seyfert-1 galaxy MCG-02-58-22
• A Search for X-ray/UV Correlation in the Reflection-Dominated Seyfert 1 Galaxy Mrk 1044
• Characterising continuum variability in the radio-loud narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy IRAS 17020+4544
• Large-amplitude rapid X-ray variability in the narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy PG 1404$+$226
• Evolution of QPOs in GX 339-4 and EXO 1846-031 with Insight-HXMT and NICER
• Plasma environment effects on K lines of astrophysical interest. V. Universal formulae for ionization potential and K-threshold shifts
• Detection of the Fe K lines from the binary AGN in 4C+37.11
• Accretion Properties and Estimation of Spin of Galactic Black Hole Candidate Swift J1728.9-3613 with NuSTAR during its 2019 outburst
• Intermittent QPO properties of MAXI J1820+070 revealed by Insight-HXMT
• About the accuracy of the relxill/relxill_nk models in view of the next generation of X-ray missions
• IMPETUS: New Cloudy's radiative tables for accretion onto a galaxy black hole
• Evidence of mutually exclusive outflow forms from a black hole X-ray binary
• The origin of the soft excess in the luminous quasar HE 1029-1401
• Relativistic reflection within an extended hot plasma geometry
• Detection of an Unidentified Soft X-ray Emission Feature in NGC 5548
• Broadband X-ray Spectroscopy and Estimation of Spin of the Galactic Black Hole Candidate GRS 1758-258
• Disc wind or disc line? The extraordinary Fe-K feature of Mrk 1513
• XMM-Newton --NuSTAR monitoring campaign of the Seyfert 1 galaxy IC 4329A
• Studying temporal variability of GRS1739-278 during the 2014 outburst
• The spin measurement of MAXI J0637-430: a black hole candidate with high disk density
• Time resolved spectroscopy of a GRS 1915+105 flare during its unusual low state using AstroSat
• The population of NuSTAR Black Hole X-ray Binaries
• Probing thermonuclear bursts and X-ray reflection features in Aql X-1 during 2024 outburst
• Hard X-Ray broadband spectroscopy of Mrk 876: characterizing its spectrum
• Black hole accretion of scalar clouds with spontaneous symmetry breaking
• Reflection Spectra of Accretion Disks Illuminated by an Off-Axis Corona
• X-Ray Tests of General Relativity with Black Holes
• Broad-band X-ray observation of broad-line radio galaxy 3C 109
• Relativistic Reflection Modeling in AGN and Related Variability from PCA: A Brief Review
• Broad Band X-ray Constraints on the Accreting Black Hole in Quasar 4C 74.26
• Generally Applicable Formalism for Modeling the Observable Signatures of Inflows, Outflows, and Moving Coronal Plasma Close to Kerr Black Holes
• NuSTAR and Swift observations of Swift J1357.2-0933 during an early phase of its 2017 outburst
• Timing and spectral studies of SRGA J144459.2$-$604207 with NICER, Einstein Probe, IXPE, NuSTAR, Insight-HXMT and INTEGRAL during its 2024 outburst
• Correlated variability of the reflection fraction with the X-ray flux and spectral index for Mkn 478
• An enigmatic hump around 30 keV in Suzaku spectra of Aquila X-1 in the Hard State
• Measuring black hole spins with x-ray reflection spectroscopy: A GRMHD outlook
• Testing X-ray Reprocessing and Mapping the Soft Excess of NGC 7469 with NICER
• The Reliability of Accretion Disk Inclination Derived from X-ray Spectroscopy of Active Galaxies
• Hidden biases in flux-resolved X-ray spectroscopy
• Variable QPO lags and reduced coherence between the disc and corona in MAXI J1820+070
• Modeling the upper kHz QPOs of 4U 1728-34 with X-ray reverberation
• Impact of the returning radiation on X-ray reflection spectroscopy measurements: the case of Galactic black holes
• On joint analysing XMM-NuSTAR spectra of active galactic nuclei
• Discovery and Identification of MAXI J1621-501 as a Type I X-ray Burster with a Super-Orbital Period
• Dimming GRS 1915+105 observed with NICER and Insight--HXMT
• A Minimal Time Scale for the Spectral States of GX 339-4
• Spectro-polarimetric study to constrain accretion-ejection properties of MCG-5-23-16 using IXPE and NuSTAR observations
• Black hole spin estimation of XTE J2012+381 using simultaneous observations of Swift/XRT and NuSTAR
• Investigating the consistency of the shape and flux of X-ray reflection spectra in the hard state with an accretion disk reaching close to the black hole
• RELXILL_NK: A Black Hole Relativistic Reflection Model for Testing General Relativity
• Constraining black hole spin in PG 1535+547 amidst complex multi-layered absorption
• Testing General Relativity with Black Hole X-ray Data
• Monte Carlo simulation of the Compton scattering and disk reflection of a cylinder with hot electrons moving away from a black hole
• X-ray reflection spectroscopy with improved calculations of the emission angle
• Flares in the Changing Look AGN Mrk 590. II: Deep X-ray observations reveal a Comptonizing inner accretion flow
• X-ray Absorption and Reprocessing in the $z\sim 2.5$ Lensed Quasar 2MASS J1042+1641
• Spectral characteristics of the black hole binary 4U 1957+115: A multi-mission perspective
• The Origin of The Soft X-Ray Excess in the Seyfert 1.5 Galaxy ESO 362-G18
• Tests of General Relativity using black hole X-ray data
• The mHz quasi-regular modulations of 4U 1630--47 during its 1998 outburst
• Spectro-temporal evolution of 4U 1702-429 using AstroSat-NICER
• On the Relation between the Inclination Angle of the Accretion Disk and the Broad-line Region in Active Galactic Nuclei
• About the ability of agnostic X-ray tests of the Kerr Hypothesis to discover new physics
• Testing the Kerr black hole hypothesis with RELXILL_NK
• XMM-Newton spectrum of the radio-loud quasar 3C 215: slim accretion disk or SMBH binary?
• On the Calculation of the Fe K-alpha Line Emissivity of Black Hole Accretion Disks
• The width-flux relation of the broad iron line during the state transition of the black hole X-ray binaries
• Iron Line Tomography of General Relativistic Hydrodynamic Accretion around Kerr Black Holes
• The FeK$\alpha$ Compton shoulder in accreting Supermassive Black Holes
• Modelling the energy dependent X-ray variability of Mrk 335
• NICER Spectral and Timing Analysis of 4U 1630$-$47 and its Heartbeat State
• Spectral and Timing Analysis of NuSTAR and Swift/XRT Observations of the X-Ray Transient MAXI J0637-430
• Reprocessing from highly ionized gas in the soft spectral state of V4641 Sgr with NuSTAR
• Testing General Relativity with Black Holes
• A multi-wavelength view of the multi-messenger sources NGC 1068 and PKS 1502+1061
• The 2025 outburst of IGR J17511-3057: timing and spectral insights from NICER and NuSTAR
• Testing non-circular black hole spacetime with X-ray reflection
• The study of the circumnuclear environment of accreting supermassive black holes with realistic X-ray spectral models
• Testing General Relativity with Black Hole X-Ray Data and ABHModels
• X-ray polarization of Z-type neutron star low-mass X-ray binaries -- II. Spectropolarimetric analysis
• Spectral Analysis of the 2019 and 2022 Outbursts of SAX J1808.4-3658
• Testing general relativity with X-ray reflection spectroscopy of MCG-06-30-15
• The extreme properties of the nearby hyper-Eddington accreting Active Galactic Nucleus in IRAS 04416+1215
• Multi-mission view of extragalactic black hole X-ray binaries LMC X-1 and LMC X-3: evolution of broadband spectral features
• The complex spectral behavior of the newly discovered neutron star X-ray binary Swift J1858.6-0814
• Spectral Analysis of New Black Hole Candidate AT2019wey Observed by NuSTAR
• A Revised Spin of the Black Hole in GRS 1716-249 with a New Distance
• Evidence for a moderate spin from X-ray reflection of the high-mass supermassive black hole in the cluster-hosted quasar H1821+643
• The Spin and Orientation of the Black Hole in XTE J1908$+$094
• Photospheric Radius Expansion and a double-peaked type-I X-ray burst from GRS 1741.9-2853
• XMM-Newton and Swift Observations of the Seyfert 1 AGN NGC 5940
• The X-ray coronae in NuSTAR bright active galactic nuclei
• Thermal Comptonization in a changing corona in the changing-look active galaxy NGC 1566
• A radio, optical, UV and X-ray view of the enigmatic changing look Active Galactic Nucleus 1ES~1927+654 from its pre- to post-flare states
• Accretion-disk reflection in the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 3783 as viewed by Chandra grating spectroscopy
• X-ray polarization observations of NGC 2110 with IXPE