Origin of the Heaviest Elements: the Rapid Neutron-Capture Process

Abstract

The production of about half of the heavy elements found in nature is assigned to a specific astrophysical nucleosynthesis process: the rapid neutron capture process (r-process). Although this idea has been postulated more than six decades ago, the full understanding faces two types of uncertainties/open questions: (a) The nucleosynthesis path in the nuclear chart runs close to the neutron-drip line, where presently only limited experimental information is available, and one has to rely strongly on theoretical predictions for nuclear properties. (b) While for many years the occurrence of the r-process has been associated with supernovae, more recent studies have cast substantial doubts on this environment. Alternative scenarios include the mergers of neutron stars, neutron-star black hole mergers, but possibly also rare classes of supernovae as well as hypernovae/collapsars with polar jet ejecta and also accretion disk outflows related to the collapse of fast rotating massive stars with high magnetic fields. Stellar r-process abundance observations, have provided insights into, and constraints on the frequency of and conditions in the responsible stellar production sites. One of them, neutron star mergers, was just identified and related to the Gravitational Wave event GW170817. High resolution observations, increasingly more precise due to improved experimental atomic data, have been particularly important in defining the heavy element abundance patterns of the old halo stars, and thus determining the extent, and nature, of the earliest nucleosynthesis in our Galaxy. Combining new results and important breakthroughs in the related nuclear, atomic and astronomical fields of science, this review attempts to provide an answer to the question "How Were the Elements from Iron to Uranium Made?" (Abridged)

96 pages, 42 figures, 2 tables, author copy manuscript published in Reviews of Modern Physics

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• A Monte-Carlo based relativistic radiation hydrodynamics code with a higher-order scheme
• Iron-Peak Element Abundances in Warm Very Metal-Poor Stars
• Binary neutron star mergers as the source of the highest energy cosmic rays
• Production of $p$-nuclei from $r$-process seeds: the $\nu r$-process
• The Pristine Inner Galaxy Survey (PIGS) VII: a discovery of the first inner Galaxy CEMP-r/s star
• The Gaia-ESO survey: placing constraints on the origin of r-process elements
• Search for Extremely Metal-Poor Stars with GEMINI-N/GRACES I. Chemical-Abundance Analysis
• s-process Enirchment of Ultrafaint Dwarf Galaxies
• Simulating neutron star mergers with the Lagrangian Numerical Relativity code SPHINCS_BSSN
• Geometric and thermodynamic characterization of binary neutron star accretion discs
• Probing binary neutron star mergers in dense environments using afterglow counterparts
• Microscopic optical potential from the relativistic Brueckner-Hartree-Fock theory: Proton-nucleus scattering
• High-precision nuclear chronometer for the cosmos
• Reanalysis of neutron-capture elements in the benchmark r-rich star CS 31082-001
• Entanglement in multinucleon transfer reactions
• Observational constraints on the origin of the elements. VI. Origin and evolution of neutron-capture elements as probed by the Gaia-ESO survey
• The impact of turbulent mixing on the galactic r-process enrichment by binary neutron star mergers
• Actinide-boosting r Process in Black Hole-Neutron Star Merger Ejecta
• Actinide signatures in low electron fraction kilonova ejecta
• Improved Atomic Transition Probabilities for UV and Optical Lines of Hf II and Determination of the Hf Abundance in Two Metal-Poor Stars
• Impact of nuclear matter properties on the nucleosynthesis and the kilonova from binary neutron star merger ejecta
• The Pristine Inner Galaxy Survey (PIGS) IX. The largest detailed chemical analysis of very metal-poor stars in the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy
• Isochronic evolution and the radioactive decay of r-process nuclei
• Non-iterative finite amplitude methods for E1 and M1 giant resonances
• Controlling extrapolations of nuclear properties with feature selection
• Nuclear level density from relativistic density functional theory and combinatorial method
• Cautionary tales on heating-rate prescriptions in kilonovae
• Parameterisations of thermal bomb explosions for core-collapse supernovae and 56Ni production
• Inhomogeneity in the early Galactic chemical enrichment exposed by beryllium abundances in extremely metal-poor stars
• r-Process enrichment in the Galactic halo characterized by nucleosynthesis variation in the ejecta of coalescing neutron star binaries
• Cross section measurement of the 144Sm(alpha,n)147Gd reaction for studying the alpha-nucleus optical potential at astrophysical energies
• Chemical Evolution of R-process Elements in Stars (CERES). III. Chemical abundances of neutron capture elements from Ba to Eu
• Metal-Poor Stars Observed with the Southern African Large Telescope II. An Extended Sample
• Isochronous mass spectrometry at the RIKEN Rare-RI Ring facility
• The thermalization of $\gamma$-rays in radioactive expanding ejecta: A simple model and its application for Kilonovae and Ia SNe
• Proposed Lunar Measurements of $r$-Process Radioisotopes to Distinguish Origin of Deep-sea 244Pu
• Anchor-based optimization of energy density functionals
• Constraints on the frequency and mass content of r-process events derived from turbulent mixing in galactic disks
• Competition between allowed and first-forbidden $\beta$ decay in $r$-process waiting-point nuclei within a relativistic beyond-mean-field approach
• Element formation in radiation-hydrodynamics simulations of kilonovae
• Inference of multi-channel r-process element enrichment in the Milky Way using binary neutron star merger observations
• Complete set of bound negative-parity states in the neutron-rich 18N nucleus
• New experimental constraint on the ${}^{185}$W($n,\gamma$)${}^{186}$W cross section
• Correlations between nuclear landscape boundaries and neutron-rich r-process abundances
• Cross Section Measurement of the ${}^{82}$Kr(p,$\gamma$)${}^{83}$Rb Reaction in Inverse Kinematics
• Measurement of the 91Zr(p,gamma)92mNb cross section motivated by type Ia supernova nucleosynthesis
• Europium, we have a problem. Modelling r-process enrichment across Local Group galaxies
• A Nuclear Equation of State Inferred from Stellar r-process Abundances
• RR Lyrae stars as probes of the outer Galactic halo: Chemical and kinematic analysis of a pilot sample
• Enrichment of the Galactic disc with neutron-capture elements: Gd, Dy, and Th
• XKN: a Semi-analytic Framework for the Modelling of Kilonovae
• Towards accurate nuclear mass tables in covariant density functional theory
• Kilonova ejecta opacity inferred from new large-scale HFR atomic calculations in all elements between Ca (Z = 20) and Lr (Z = 103)
• High-resolution spectroscopic analysis of four new chemically peculiar stars
• R-process beta-decay neutrino flux from binary neutron star mergers and collapsars
• Progress in Nuclear Astrophysics of East and Southeast Asia
• Alpha decay of thermally excited nuclei
• The impact of hyperons on neutron star mergers: gravitational waves, mass ejection and black hole formation
• Correlation between U/Th and Pb/Os abundance ratios and its application in nuclear cosmochronology
• Primordial black-hole formation and heavy r-process element synthesis from the cosmological QCD transition. Two aspects of an inhomogeneous early Universe
• Photospheric velocity evolution of SN 2020bvc: signature of $r$-process nucleosynthesis from a collapsar
• NLTE abundances of Eu for a sample of metal-poor stars in the Galactic Halo and Metal-poor Disk with 1D and <3D> models
• Did a Kilonova Set Off in Our Galactic Backyard 3.5 Myr ago?
• Probing the N=104 midshell region for the r process via precision mass spectrometry of neutron-rich rare-earth isotopes with the JYFLTRAP double Penning trap
• Prominent bump in the two-neutron separation energies of neutron-rich lanthanum isotopes revealed by high-precision mass spectrometry
• A Quantum Annealing Protocol to Solve the Nuclear Shell Model
• Effects of vertical advection on multimessenger signatures of black hole neutrino-dominated accretion flows in compact binary coalescences
• Supernova Preshock Neutronization Burst as a Probe of Non-Standard Neutrino Interactions
• Studying stellar populations in Omega Centauri with phylogenetics
• Discovery of a pair of very metal-poor stars enriched in neutron-capture elements: The proto-disk r-II star BPS CS 29529-0089 and the Gaia-Sausage-Enceladus r-I star TYC 9219-2422-1
• 2D End-to-End Modeling of Kilonovae from Binary Neutron Star Merger Remnants
• MINCE III. Detailed chemical analysis of the UVES sample
• The impact of mass uncertainties on the r-process nucleosynthesis in neutron star mergers
• A Vision for the Science of Rare Isotopes
• Postfission properties of uranium isotopes: A hybrid method with Langevin dynamics and the Hauser-Feshbach statistical model
• Stellar Population Astrophysics (SPA) with the TNG: NLTE atmospheric parameters and abundances of giant stars in 33 Open Clusters
• Representation of s-process abundances for comparison to data from bulk meteorites
• Continuum random-phase approximation for (n,γ) reactions on neutron-rich nuclei: collective effects and resonances
• Internal r-process abundance spread of M15 and a single stellar population model
• Neutron-Capture Element Signatures in Globular Clusters: Insights from the Gaia-ESO Survey
• Spectrum and energy levels of the high-lying singly excited configurations of Nd III
• The Abundance of Lead in Four Metal-Poor Stars
• Constraints on $R$-process Nucleosynthesis from ${}^{129}$I and ${}^{247}$Cm in the Early Solar System
• The Chemodynamical Nature of the Triangulum-Andromeda Overdensity
• Rare Find: Discovery and chemo-dynamical properties of two s-process enhanced RR Lyrae stars
• The sounds of science a symphony for many instruments and voices part II
• R-process Nucleosynthesis of Subminimal Neutron Star Explosions
• The neutron-capture and alpha-elements abundance ratios scatter in old stellar populations. Cosmological simulations of the stellar halo
• Ultraheavy Ultrahigh-Energy Cosmic Rays
• Impact of nuclear mass models on $r$-process nucleosynthesis and heavy element abundances in $r$-process enhanced metal-poor stars
• Rubidium abundances in solar metallicity stars
• Origin of Plutonium-244 in the Early Solar System
• Computing nuclear response functions with time-dependent coupled-cluster theory
• R-process heating implementation in hydrodynamic simulations with neural networks
• Recent Advances in Understanding R-Process Nucleosynthesis in Metal-Poor Stars and Stellar Systems
• Impact of the Brink Axel Hypothesis on Unique First Forbidden \b{eta} transitions for r process nuclei
• The R-Process Alliance: Exploring the cosmic scatter among ten r-process sites with stellar abundances
• Non-equilibrium Green's function approach to low-energy fission dynamics: fluctuations in fission reactions
• Mass measurements in the ${}^{132}$Sn region with the JYFLTRAP double Penning trap mass spectrometer
• Chemical Evolution in Nuclear Stellar Discs
• Neutrinos and Heavy Element Nucleosynthesis
• Theory of nuclear collective vibrations
• Nuclear Reactions in Evolving Stars
• Modeling the emission lines from r-process elements in Supernova nebulae
• General relativistic hydrodynamics code for dynamical spacetimes with curvilinear coordinates, tabulated equations of state, and neutrino physics
• On the use of galaxy catalogs in gravitational-wave parameter estimation
• Chemical enrichment by collapsars as the origin of the unusually high [Ba/Fe] in a massive star cluster of the dwarf galaxy NGC 1569
• How Do Nuclear Isomers Influence the Gamma-Ray Bursts in Binary Neutron Star Mergers?
• Neutrino-Neutron Scattering Opacities in Supernova Matter
• Conceptual Design of a Low-Energy Ion Beam Storage Ring and a Recoil Separator to Study Radiative Neutron Capture by Radioactive Ions
• Multimodal fission from self-consistent calculations
• The chemical DNA of the Magellanic Clouds V. R-process dominates neutron capture elements production in the oldest SMC stars
• Impact of in situ nuclear networks and atomic opacities on neutron star merger ejecta dynamics, nucleosynthesis, and kilonovae
• Deformation, halo, and bubble structure: A paradigm shift of exotic phenomena in light to medium mass nuclei
• Temperature dependence of cluster decay
• Strontium-84 Enrichments in Presolar Grains Provide First Evidence of p-process Nucleosynthesis in Core-collapse Supernovae
• Chemical composition of planetary hosts: II. Abundances of neutron-capture elements
• $\beta$-Decay Properties of Neutron-rich Yttrium Isotopes
• Measurement of $\beta$-particles to determine cross sections relevant to the weak r-process
• Targeted optimization in small-scale atomic structure calculations: application to Au I
• Neutron-capture elements in a sample of field metal-poor N-rich dwarfs
• The impact of rare events on the chemical enrichment in dwarf galaxies
• Dynamical ejecta of neutron star mergers with nucleonic weak processes I: Nucleosynthesis
• Effect of quantizing magnetic field on the inner crusts of hot Neutron Stars
• High-precision mass measurements of the ground and isomeric states in ${}^{124,125}$Ag
• Statistical framework for nuclear parameter uncertainties in nucleosynthesis modeling of r- and i-process
• Limits on active-sterile neutrino mixing parameters using heavy nuclei abundances
• Nuclear astrophysics
• Isolated one-phonon mixed-symmetry 2+ state of the radioactive neutron-rich nuclide 132Te
• Mergers of binary neutron star systems: a multi-messenger revolution
• Exploratory study on the masses of odd-$Z$ nuclei and $r$-process simulation based on the deformed relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov theory in continuum
• Status and Perspectives of Neutrino Physics
• A microscopic calculation of fission cross sections with the non-equilibrium Green function method
• Th/Eu abundance ratio of red giants in the Kepler Field
• Impact of the latest 22Ne+α reaction rates on nucleosynthesis in massive stars and galactic chemical evolution
• Ab initio calculations of beta-decay half-lives for $N=50$ neutron-rich nuclei
• Proton-rich production of lanthanides: the $\nu i$ process
• Cosmic Radioactivity and Galactic Chemical Evolution
• Exploring Composition Mixing in Kilonova Ejecta with Ray-by-ray Simulations
• Modeling Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays propagation using the input from Configuration Interaction Shell Model
• The Influence of a Shock on the Nucleosynthesis Developing during the Explosion of a Low-Mass Neutron Star
• Kilonova and progenitor properties of merger-driven gamma-ray bursts
• Nuclear data activities for medium mass and heavy nuclei at Los Alamos
• A New Moment-Based General-Relativistic Neutrino-Radiation Transport Code: Methods and First Applications to Neutron Star Mergers
• Microscopic Theory of Nuclear Fission
• Identification of new gold lines in the 350 to 1000 nm spectral region using laser produced plasmas
• The R-Process Alliance: A Nearly Complete R-Process Abundance Template Derived from Ultraviolet Spectroscopy of the R-Process-Enhanced Metal-Poor Star HD 222925
• A novel method of half-life determination for highly charged ions based on isochronous mass spectrometry
• The cosmic journey of dust grains -- from nucleation to planetary system
• Universality and variability of the heavy r-process element abundance pattern from a nonequilibrium approach
• Neutrino opacities in magnetic fields for binary neutron star merger simulations
• Silicon and Strontium abundances of very metal-poor stars determined from near-infrared spectra
• Non-nucleon metastable excitations in nuclear matter and $e^{-}$ catalysis as a quark-cumulative mechanism for initiating low-energy nuclear chemical processes: phenomenology
• Fast Neutrino Conversion in Hydrodynamic Simulations of Neutrino-Cooled Accretion Disks
• Impact of nuclear masses on r-process nucleosynthesis: bulk properties versus shell effects
• Diagrammatic Monte Carlo for Finite Systems at Zero Temperature
• Impact of octupole deformation on the nuclear electromagnetic response
• r-Process and Kilonovae
• Observational constraints on the origin of the elements. X. Combining NLTE and machine learning for chemical diagnostics of 4 million stars in the 4MIDABLE-HR survey