Reaction Dynamics with Exotic Beams

Abstract

We review the new possibilities offered by the reaction dynamics of asymmetric heavy ion collisions, using stable and unstable beams. We show that it represents a rather unique tool to probe regions of highly Asymmetric Nuclear Matter ($ANM$) in compressed as well as dilute phases, and to test the in-medium isovector interaction for high momentum nucleons. The focus is on a detailed study of the symmetry term of the nuclear Equation of State ($EOS$) in regions far away from saturation conditions but always under laboratory controlled conditions. Thermodynamic properties of $ANM$ are surveyed starting from nonrelativistic and relativistic effective interactions. In the relativistic case the role of the isovector scalar $\delta$-meson is stressed. The qualitative new features of the liquid-gas phase transition, "diffusive" instability and isospin distillation, are discussed. The results of ab-initio simulations of n-rich, n-poor, heavy ion collisions, using stochastic isospin dependent transport equations, are analysed as a function of beam energy and centrality. The isospin dynamics plays an important role in all steps of the reaction, from prompt nucleon emissions to the final fragments. The isospin diffusion is also of large interest, due to the interplay of asymmetry and density gradients. In relativistic collisions, the possibility of a direct study of the covariant structure of the effective nucleon interaction is shown. Results are discussed for particle production, collective flows and iso-transparency. Perspectives of further developments of the field, in theory as well as in experiment, are presented.

167+5 pages, 77 figures, general review

References in corpus (2)

• Isospin dependence of the critical quark-deconfinement densities
• Isospin effects in intermediate energy heavy ion collisions

Cited by in corpus (429)

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• Understanding transport simulations of heavy-ion collisions at 100 and 400 AMeV: Comparison of heavy ion transport codes under controlled conditions
• Constraining the High-Density Behavior of Nuclear Symmetry Energy with the Tidal Polarizability of Neutron Stars
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• Bayesian Inference of the Symmetry Energy of Super-Dense Neutron-Rich Matter from Future Radius Measurements of Massive Neutron Stars
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• Temperature effects on the nuclear symmetry energy and symmetry free energy with an isospin and momentum dependent interaction
• Transport approaches for the Description of Intermediate-Energy Heavy-Ion Collisions
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• Impact of NICER's Radius Measurement of PSR J0740+6620 on Nuclear Symmetry Energy at Suprasaturation Densities
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• Fluctuations and Symmetry Energy in Nuclear Fragmentation Dynamics
• The Dynamical Dipole Mode in Fusion Reactions with Exotic Nuclear Beams
• The equation of state and symmetry energy of low density nuclear matter
• Connecting the nuclear EoS to the interplay between fusion and quasifission processes in low-energy nuclear reactions
• IMF isotopic properties in semi-peripheral collisions at Fermi energies
• Connecting the Pygmy Dipole Resonance to the neutron skin
• Breathing mode in an improved transport approach
• Triton-${}^3$He relative and differential flows as probes of the nuclear symmetry energy at supra-saturation densities
• Double neutron-proton differential transverse flow as a probe for the high-density behavior of the nuclear symmetry energy
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• Isospin diffusion in semi-peripheral ${}^{58}Ni$ + ${}^{197}Au$ collisions at intermediate energies (II): Dynamical simulations
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• Ruling out the supersoft high-density symmetry energy from the discovery of PSR J0740+6620 with mass $2.14_{-0.09}^{+0.10}{M}_{\odot }$
• Clusterized nuclear matter in the (proto-)neutron star crust and the symmetry energy
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• Bayesian inference of the incompressibility, skewness and kurtosis of nuclear matter from empirical pressures in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
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• Nuclear Matter and Neutron Stars from Relativistic Brueckner-Hartree-Fock Theory
• Dipole response in neutron-rich nuclei with new Skyrme interactions
• Asymmetric Nuclear Matter and Neutron Star Properties in Relativistic ab initio Theory in the Full Dirac Space
• Nuclear matter fourth-order symmetry energy in non-relativistic mean-field models
• Nuclear symmetry energy and the role of three-body forces
• Neutron-proton mass difference in finite nuclei and the Nolen-Schiffer anomaly
• Interplay between low-lying isoscalar and isovector dipole modes: a comparative analysis between semi-classical and quantum approaches
• Delineating effects of tensor force on the density dependence of nuclear symmetry energy
• Probing the nuclear equation of state in heavy-ion collisions at Fermi energy in isospin-sensitive exclusive experiments
• Dynamical properties of nuclear and stellar matter and the symmetry energy
• Comparison of AMD calculations with experimental data for peripheral collisions of 93Nb+93Nb,116Sn at 38 MeV/nucleon
• Multifragmentation and the symmetry term of the nuclear equation of state
• Effect of isospin asymmetry in nuclear system
• Hadron-quark phase transition in asymmetric matter with dynamical quark masses
• Isospin effect in the statistical sequential decay
• Differential isospin-fractionation in dilute asymmetric nuclear matter
• Low density instabilities in asymmetric nuclear matter within QMC with $\delta$-meson
• Empirical information on nuclear matter fourth-order symmetry energy from an extended nuclear mass formula
• Symmetry energy effects on the properties of hybrid stars
• Isospin-asymmetric nuclear matter
• Symmetry energy extracted from the S$\pi$RIT pion data in Sn+Sn systems
• Effects of nuclear symmetry energy on eta meson production and its rare decay to the dark U-boson in heavy-ion reactions
• Nucleus giant resonances from an improved isospin-dependent Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck transport approach
• Isospin effects and symmetry energy studies with INDRA
• Neutron-proton mass difference in isospin asymmetric nuclear matter
• Low density nuclear matter with light clusters in a generalized nonlinear relativistic mean-field model
• The influence of the symmetry energy on the cone-azimuthal emission
• Recent progress constraining the nuclear equation of state from astrophysics and heavy ion reactions
• Spinodal instabilities of asymmetric nuclear matter within the Brueckner--Hartree--Fock approach
• Contribution of isovector mesons to the symmetry energy in a microscopic model
• Theoretical predictions of experimental observables sensitive to the symmetry energy: Results of the SMF transport model
• Investigation of collective radial expansion and stopping in heavy ion collisions at Fermi energies
• Nuclear symmetry energy effects on liquid-gas phase transition in hot asymmetric nuclear matter
• Influence of the symmetry energy on the giant monopole resonance of neutron-rich nuclei
• Second and fourth moments of the charge density and neutron-skin thickness of atomic nuclei
• Influence of fast emissions and statistical de-excitation on the isospin transport ratio
• Effect of the momentum dependence of nuclear symmetry potential on pion-/pion+ ratio in heavy-ion collisions
• Phase transitions of hadronic to quark matter at finite T and μ_B
• Application of density dependent parametrization models to asymmetric nuclear matter
• Nuclear collective dynamics in the lattice Hamiltonian Vlasov method
• A phenomenological equation of state for isospin asymmetric nuclear matter
• Constraints on neutron skin thickness in 208Pb and density-dependent symmetry energy
• Constraining isovector nuclear interactions with giant dipole resonance and neutron skin in ${}^{208}$Pb from a Bayesian approach
• A direct probe of the in-medium pn scattering cross section
• Dense nuclear matter and symmetry energy in strong magnetic fields
• Influence of the treatment of initialization and mean-field potential on the neutron to proton yield ratios
• Isospin dynamics on neck fragmentation in isotopic nuclear reactions
• Probing phase transition in neutron stars via the crust-core interfacial mode
• Model dependence of isospin sensitive observables at high densities
• Bayesian model averaging for nuclear symmetry energy from effective proton-neutron chemical potential difference of neutron-rich nuclei
• Beyond-mean-field effects on the symmetry energy and its slope from the low-lying dipole response of ${}^{68}$Ni
• Imprints of Nuclear Symmetry Energy on Properties of Neutron Stars
• Isobaric incompressibility of the isospin asymmetric nuclear matter
• Decomposition of sensitivity of the symmetry energy observables
• Isospin Dynamics in Heavy Ion Collisions: EoS-sensitive Observables
• Studies of the equation-of-state of nuclear matter by heavy-ion collisions at intermediate energy in the multi-messenger era
• Effect of the momentum dependence of nuclear symmetry potential on the transverse and elliptic flows
• Heavy-ion Collisions: Direct and indirect probes of the density and temperature dependence of Esym
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• The kinks in charge radii across $N$ = 82 and 126 revisited
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• Effects of the high-momentum tail of nucleon momentum distribution on the isospin-sensitive observables
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• Experimental determination of the quasi-projectile mass with measured neutrons
• Effects of nuclear symmetry energy and in-medium NN cross section in heavy-ion collisions at beam energies below the pion production threshold
• Quantifying Correlations Between Isovector Observables and the Density Dependence of Nuclear Symmetry Energy away from Saturation Density
• Relativistic Transport Approach to Collective Nuclear Dynamics
• Experimental study of the isospin transport with 40,48 Ca+ 40,48 Ca reactions at 35 MeV/nucleon
• Dynamical instabilities in density-dependent hadronic relativistic models
• Low-momentum interactions with Brown-Rho-Ericson scalings and the density dependence of the nuclear symmetry energy
• Systematic study of surface properties for Ne, Na, Mg, Al and Si isotopes in a coherent density fluctuation model using the relativistic mean field formalism
• The ASY-EOS experiment at GSI: investigating the symmetry energy at supra-saturation densities
• Spin transport in intermediate-energy heavy-ion collisions as a probe of in-medium spin-orbit interactions
• Pre-equilibrium effects in charge-asymmetric low-energy reactions
• Symmetry energy at subsaturation densities and the neutron skin thickness of 208Pb
• Nucleon Effective E-Mass in Neutron-Rich Matter from the Migdal-Luttinger Jump
• Preequilibrium particle emissions and in-medium effects on the pion production in heavy-ion collisions
• Exotic break-up modes in heavy ion reactions at low energies
• Auxiliary Function Approach for Determining Symmetry Energy at Supra-saturation Densities
• Effects of retarded electrical fields on observables sensitive to the high-density behavior of nuclear symmetry energy in heavy-ion collisions at intermediate energies
• Symmetry coefficients and incompressibility of clusterized supernova matter
• Study of hot thermally fissile nuclei using relativistic mean field theory
• Charged pion production from Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=2.4$ GeV in the Relativistic Vlasov-Uehling-Uhlenbeck model
• Probing the momentum dependence of medium modifications of the nucleon-nucleon elastic cross sections
• Effects of finite size and symmetry energy on the phase transition of stellar matter at subnuclear densities
• Compressibility and equation of state of finite nuclei
• Effects of the momentum dependence of nuclear symmetry potential on pion observables in Sn + Sn collisions at 270 MeV/nucleon
• Nuclear Symmetry Energy and Neutron Skin Thickness of ${}^{208}Pb$ using a finite range effective interaction
• High $p_t$ squeezed-out n/p ratio as a probe of $K_{\mathrm{sym}}$ of the symmetry energy
• Relativistic self-energy decomposition of nuclear symmetry energy and equation of state of neutron matter within QCD sum rules
• Beam energy dependence of the relativistic retardation effects of electrical fields on the ${\pi }^{-}/{\pi }^{+}$ ratio in heavy-ion collisions
• From nuclear reactions to compact stars: a unified approach
• Determination of the density region of the symmetry energy probed by the ${\pi }^{-}/{\pi }^{+}$ ratio
• Probing the momentum-dependence of the symmetry potential by the free n/p ratio of preequilibrium emission
• Pairing effects on spinodal decomposition of asymmetric nuclear matter
• Symmetry-energy dependence of the dynamical dipole mode in the Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck model
• Nuclear symmetry energy and proton-rich reactions at intermediate energies
• Critical Scaling of Two-component Systems from Quantum Fluctuations
• Heavy Ion Collisions at Relativistic Energies: Testing a Nuclear Matter at High Baryon and Isospin Density
• Determining the density dependence of the nuclear symmetry energy using heavy-ion reactions
• Systematic study of the symmetry energy coefficient in finite nuclei
• Nuclear Matter and Nuclear Dynamics
• Role of isospin physics in supernova matter and neutron stars
• Effects of incompressibility $K_0$ in heavy-ion collisions at intermediate energies
• Symmetry energy in cold dense matter
• Supernova Neutrinos as a Precise Probe of Nuclear Neutron Skin
• Equation of state for dense supernova matter
• Nuclear collective dynamics within Vlasov approach
• The influence of reconstruction criteria on the sensitive probes of the symmetry potential
• Constraining the Symmetry Energy: A Journey in the Isospin Physics from Coulomb Barrier to Deconfinement
• Charged particle decay of hot and rotating ${}^{88}$Mo nuclei in fusion-evaporation reactions
• Time-of-flight expansion of trapped dipolar Fermi gases: From the collisionless to the hydrodynamic regime
• Probing the nuclear EOS with fragment production
• Intrinsic Correlations Among Characteristics of Neutron-rich Matter Imposed by the Unbound Nature of Pure Neutron Matter
• The nuclear symmetry energy from relativistic Brueckner-Hartree-Fock model
• Isovector channel of quark-meson-coupling model and its effect on symmetry energy
• Initialization effect in heavy-ion collisions at intermediate energies
• Isospin compositions of correlated sources in the Fermi energy domain
• Isospin splitting of nucleon effective mass and symmetry energy in isotopic nuclear reactions
• Effect of Wigner energy on the symmetry energy coefficient in nuclei
• Bifurcations in dissipative fermionic dynamics
• Neutron star structure in an in-medium modified chiral soliton model
• Revisiting the isospin relaxation time in intermediate-energy heavy-ion collisions
• Production and rescattering of strange baryons at SPS energies in a transport model with hadron potentials
• Can the nuclear symmetry potential at supra-saturation densities be negative?
• Isoscaling in statistical fragment emission in an extended compound nucleus model
• RMF models with $\sigma$-scaled hadron masses and couplings for description of heavy-ion collisions below 2A GeV
• Symmetry energy of super-dense neutron-rich matter from integrating barotropic pressures in neutron stars and heavy-ion reactions
• The Dynamical Dipole Radiation in Dissipative Collisions with Exotic Beams
• Properties of Rotating Neutron Star in Density-dependent Relativistic Mean-field Models
• A new probe to study symmetry energy at low density by deuteron breakup reaction
• Difficulties in probing density dependent symmetry potential with the HBT interferometry
• Pure Neutron Matter Constraints and Nuclear Symmetry Energy
• Effects of density-dependent scenarios of in-medium nucleon-nucleon interactions in heavy-ion collisions
• Density dependence of isospin observables in spinodal decomposition
• Microscopic Description of Isoscalar Giant Monopole Resonance in ${}^{48}$Ca
• Landau parameters for isospin asymmetric nuclear matter based on a relativistic model of composite and finite extension nucleons
• Neutron-Proton Mass Difference in Nuclear Matter and in Finite Nuclei and the Nolen-Schiffer Anomaly
• Triton-3He relative and differential flows and the high density behavior of nuclear symmetry energy
• Dynamics of dilute nuclear matter with light clusters and in-medium effects
• Nuclear jets in heavy-ion collisions recall a stream of sand
• Constraining the Skyrme effective interactions and the neutron skin thickness of nuclei using isospin diffusion data from heavy ion collisions
• Cluster formation in nuclear reactions from mean-field inhomogeneities
• Neutron star cooling with a dynamic stellar structure
• Nuclear collision in strong magnetic field
• Aspects of approximation in modelling of the symmetry energy
• Revisit to the yield ratio of triton and ${}^3$He as an indicator of neutron-rich neck emission
• Blind spots of probing the high-density symmetry energy in heavy-ion collisions
• Correlation and isospin dynamics of participant-spectator matter in neutron-rich colliding nuclei at 50 MeV/nucleon
• Necessity of selfconsistent calculations for the electromagnetic field in probing the nuclear symmetry energy using pion observables in heavy-ion collisions
• Medium effects on charged pion ratio in heavy ion collisions
• Introduction - Strong interaction in the nuclear medium: new trends
• Pairing effects on neutron matter equation of state and symmetry energy at subsaturation densities
• Pion production and absorption in heavy-ion collisions
• N/Z and N/A dependence of balance energy as a probe of symmetry energy in heavy-ion collisions
• Persistence of the N = 50 shell closure over the isotopic chains of Sc, Ti, V and Cr nuclei using relativistic energy density functional
• Spinodal instability growth in new stochastic approaches
• Elimination of influence of neutron-skin size difference of initial colliding nuclei in Pb+Pb collisions
• Study of quasi-projectile properties at Fermi energies in 48Ca projectile systems
• Reaction mechanisms in transport theories: a test of the nuclear effective interaction
• Isospin effect in peripheral heavy-ion collisions at Fermi energies
• Density and Temperature in Heavy Ion Collisions: A Test of Classical and Quantum Approaches
• Probing the hadron-quark mixed phase at high isospin and baryon density - Sensitive observables
• Unexpected neutron/proton ratio and isospin effect in low-energy antiproton induced reactions
• Isospin effects in a covariant transport approach to spallation reactions: Analysis of $p+Fe$ and $Pb$ reactions at 0.8, 1.2 and 1.6 GeV
• High-order isospin-dependent surface tension contribution to the fourth-order symmetry energy of finite nuclei
• Dynamic description of ternary and quaternary splits of heavy nuclear systems in the deep-inelastic regime
• Status and performances of the FAZIA project
• Neutron stars and supernova explosions in the framework of Landau's theory
• Recent progress on superstrange dynamics
• Effects of an induced electric field on π^{-}/π^{+} ratio in heavy-ion collisions
• Probing the symmetry energy at high baryon density with heavy ion collisions
• Vacuum fluctuation effects on asymmetric nuclear matter
• Isospin-Asymmetry Dependence of the Thermodynamic Nuclear Equation of State in Many-Body Perturbation Theory
• Constraining properties of neutron stars with heavy-ion reactions in terrestrial laboratories
• Three-body Force Effects on the Properties of Neutron-rich Nuclear Matter
• Origins and Impacts of High-Density Symmetry Energy
• Effects of Symmetry Energy in the Reaction 40Ca+124Sn at 140 MeV/nucleon
• Heavy Ion Dynamics and Neutron Stars
• Correlated structure of nuclear symmetry energy from covariant nucleon self-energy
• Finite temperature collective modes in a two phase coexistence region of asymmetric nuclear matter
• Isospin Diffusion in ${}^{58}$Ni-Induced Reactions at Intermediate Energies
• Influence of Cluster Configurations and Nucleon--Nucleon Scattering Cross-Section on Stopping Power in Heavy-Ion Collisions
• Effects of symmetry energy and momentum dependent interaction on low-energy reaction mechanisms
• Spinodal instabilities of spin polarized asymmetric nuclear matter
• Investigating the possibility of extracting neutron-skin thickness in nuclei by their collisions at intermediate energies
• Isospin blocking and its effects in heavy-ion collisions
• Transport Model Comparison Studies of Intermediate-Energy Heavy-Ion Collisions
• Many-body correlations in Semiclassical Molecular Dynamics and Skyrme forces for symmetric Nuclear Matter
• Effects of isoscalar- and isovector-scalar meson mixing on neutron star structure
• Incompressibility of asymmetric nuclear matter
• Dynamical Phase Trajectories in Baryon and Isospin Density Spaces
• Progress Towards Determining the Density Dependence of the Nuclear Symmetry Energy Using Heavy-Ion Reactions
• A model for multifragmentation in heavy-ion reactions
• On the spin-isospin decomposition of nuclear symmetry energy
• Recent applications of the subtracted second RPA method
• Symmetry energy of baryon- and neutron-rich nuclear matter
• Angular momentum conservation and pion production in intermediate-energy heavy-ion collisions
• Common Approaches in Description of Ordinary Liquids and Hadronic Matter
• The european FAZIA initiative: a high-performance digital telescope array for heavy-ion studies
• Isospin transport in 84Kr+112,124Sn reactions at Fermi energies