Isospin Physics in Heavy-Ion Collisions at Intermediate Energies

Abstract

In nuclear collisions induced by stable or radioactive neutron-rich nuclei a transient state of nuclear matter with an appreciable isospin asymmetry as well as thermal and compressional excitation can be created. This offers the possibility to study the properties of nuclear matter in the region between symmetric nuclear matter and pure neutron matter. In this review, we discuss recent theoretical studies of the equation of state of isospin-asymmetric nuclear matter and its relations to the properties of neutron stars and radioactive nuclei. Chemical and mechanical instabilities as well as the liquid-gas phase transition in asymmetric nuclear matter are investigated. The in-medium nucleon-nucleon cross sections at different isospin states are reviewed as they affect significantly the dynamics of heavy ion collisions induced by radioactive beams. We then discuss an isospin-dependent transport model, which includes different mean-field potentials and cross sections for the proton and neutron, and its application to these reactions. Furthermore, we review the comparisons between theoretical predictions and available experimental data. In particular, we discuss the study of nuclear stopping in terms of isospin equilibration, the dependence of nuclear collective flow and balance energy on the isospin-dependent nuclear equation of state and cross sections, the isospin dependence of total nuclear reaction cross sections, and the role of isospin in preequilibrium nucleon emissions and subthreshold pion production.

101 pages with embedded epsf figures, review article for "International Journal of Modern Physics E: Nuclear Physics". Send request for a hard copy to 1/authors

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• The High-Density Symmetry Energy in Heavy Ion Collisions
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• Exploring proton rich systems and Coulomb induced instabilities
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• Intrinsic Correlations Among Characteristics of Neutron-rich Matter Imposed by the Unbound Nature of Pure Neutron Matter
• Medium influence of the nucleon nucleon cross section on the fragmentation
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• RMF models with $\sigma$-scaled hadron masses and couplings for description of heavy-ion collisions below 2A GeV
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• Neutron-Proton Mass Difference in Nuclear Matter and in Finite Nuclei and the Nolen-Schiffer Anomaly
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• Short-range tensor interaction and high-density nuclear symmetry energy
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• The splitting of the one-body potential in spin-polarized isospin-symmetric nuclear matter
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• Constraining the Skyrme effective interactions and the neutron skin thickness of nuclei using isospin diffusion data from heavy ion collisions
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• Nucleon Short-Range Correlations and High-Momentum Dynamics: Implications on the Equation of State of Dense Matter
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• Properties of the Initial Participant Matter Interaction Zone in Near Fermi-Energy Heavy Ion Collisions
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• Probing the high-density behavior of nuclear symmetry energy with high-energy radioactive beams
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• Density functional approach to finite temperature nuclear properties and the role of a momentum dependent isovector interaction
• Probing the equation of state of neutron-rich matter with intermediate energy heavy-ion collisions
• Incompressibility of asymmetric nuclear matter
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