Progress of Quantum Molecular Dynamics model and its applications in Heavy Ion Collisions

Abstract

In this review article, we first briefly introduce the transport theory and quantum molecular dynamics model applied in the study of the heavy ion collisions from low to intermediate energies. The developments of improved quantum molecular dynamics model (ImQMD) and ultra-relativistic quantum molecular dynamics model (UrQMD), are reviewed. The reaction mechanism and phenomena related to the fusion, multinucleon transfer, fragmentation, collective flow and particle production are reviewed and discussed within the framework of the two models. The constraints on the isospin asymmetric nuclear equation of state and in-medium nucleon-nucleon cross sections by comparing the heavy ion collision data with transport models calculations in last decades are also discussed, and the uncertainties of these constraints are analyzed as well. Finally, we discuss the future direction of the development of the transport models for improving the understanding of the reaction mechanism, the descriptions of various observables, the constraint on the nuclear equation of state, as well as for the constraint on in-medium nucleon-nucleon cross sections.

arXiv comment64 pages, 55 figures. Review article for Frontiers of Physics

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• Application of artificial intelligence in the determination of impact parameter in heavy-ion collisions at intermediate energies
• Influence of the treatment of initialization and mean-field potential on the neutron to proton yield ratios
• Studies of the equation-of-state of nuclear matter by heavy-ion collisions at intermediate energy in the multi-messenger era
• Effects of sequential decay on collective flows and nuclear stopping power in heavy-ion collisions at intermediate energies
• Observing the Ping-pong Modality of Isospin Degree of Freedom in Cluster Emission from Heavy Ion Reactions
• Elliptic flow in heavy-ion collisions at intermediate energy: the role of impact parameter, mean field potential, and collision term
• Revisit to the yield ratio of triton and ${}^3$He as an indicator of neutron-rich neck emission
• Bayesian inference of nuclear incompressibility from collective flow in mid-central Au+Au collisions at 400--1500 MeV/nucleon
• In-medium nucleon-nucleon cross sections from relativistic ab initio calculations
• Covariant formulation of relativistic quantum molecular dynamics for a system of interacting wave packets