Studies of the equation-of-state of nuclear matter by heavy-ion collisions at intermediate energy in the multi-messenger era

Abstract

The study of the equation-of-state (EoS) describing the properties of nuclear matter away from the normal conditions is a relevant and intriguing topic of modern nuclear physics. The last decades have witnessed a substantial experimental progress in derivation of the symmetric matter term of the EoS and of the so-called symmetry energy for the asymmetric matter, especially at densities below the saturation point. But it is only in recent years that the opening of the multi-messenger astronomy era, triggered by detection of gravitational waves due to the neutron star mergers, has renewed and enlarged the interest in high-density EoS, being the main ingredient for determining the structure and properties of neutron stars. In this paper we review our knowledge obtained from heavy-ion collisions up to the 1 GeV/nucleon regime, on the EoS above nuclear saturation density. Special emphasis is given on the still few results on symmetry energy at high densities and their interconnections with multi-messenger astronomy findings.

79 pages, 25 figures

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• Collision integral with momentum-dependent potentials and its impact on pion production in heavy-ion collisions
• Flow and Equation of State of nuclear matter at ${\mathbf{E}}_{\mathrm{kin}}$/A=0.25-1.5 GeV with the SMASH transport approach
• Constraining nucleon effective masses with flow and stopping observables from the S$\pi$RIT experiment
• The nuclear symmetry energy and the neutron skin thickness in nuclei
• Evolutions of in-medium baryon-baryon scattering cross sections and stiffness of dense nuclear matter from Bayesian analyses of FOPI proton flow excitation functions
• neuSIM4: A comprehensive GEANT4 based neutron simulation code