Hadronic Matter is Soft

Abstract

The stiffness of the hadronic equation of state has been extracted from the production rate of $K^{+}$ mesons in heavy ion collisions around 1 $A$ GeV incident energy. The data are best described with a compressibility coefficient $\kappa$ around 200 MeV, a value which is usually called ``soft''. This is concluded from a detailed comparison of the results of transport theories with the experimental data using two different procedures: (i) the energy dependence of the ratio of $K^{+}$ from Au+Au and C+C collisions and (ii) the centrality dependence of the $K^{+}$ multiplicities. It is demonstrated that input quantities of these transport theories which are not precisely known, like the kaon-nucleon potential, the $\Delta N\to N{K}^{+}\Lambda$ cross section or the life time of the $\Delta$ in matter do not modify this conclusion.

4 pages, 2figures

References in corpus (3)

• Kaon production in heavy ion reactions at intermediate energies
• Excitation function of elliptic flow in Au+Au collisions and the nuclear matter equation of state
• Transport Theories for Heavy Ion Collisions in the 1 AGeV Regime

Cited by in corpus (95)

• Equations of state for supernovae and compact stars
• Constraints on the high-density nuclear equation of state from the phenomenology of compact stars and heavy-ion collisions
• Do hyperons exist in the interior of neutron stars ?
• Strangeness in Nuclei and Neutron Stars
• Higher-order effects on the incompressibility of isospin asymmetric nuclear matter
• Strangeness Production close to Threshold in Proton-Nucleus and Heavy-Ion Collisions
• Dense Nuclear Matter Equation of State from Heavy-Ion Collisions
• Systematics of central heavy ion collisions in the 1A GeV regime
• Hypernuclear Physics for Neutron Stars
• Constraining the nuclear matter equation of state around twice saturation density
• Modern compact star observations and the quark matter equation of state
• Hyperon production in Ar+KCl collisions at 1.76A GeV
• Isospin effects on sub-threshold kaon production at intermediate energies
• Modelization of the EOS
• Production of K+ and of K- Mesons in Heavy-Ion Collisions from 0.6 to 2.0 AGeV Incident Energy
• Towards a model-independent constraint of the high-density dependence of the symmetry energy
• In-medium NN cross sections determined from stopping and collective flow in intermediate-energy heavy-ion collisions
• Phase transitions in dense matter and the maximum mass of neutron stars
• The impact of energy conservation in transport models on the ${\pi }^{-}/{\pi }^{+}$ multiplicity ratio in heavy-ion collisions and the symmetry energy
• On the Maximum Mass of Neutron Stars
• Neutron-proton elliptic flow difference as a probe for the high density dependence of the symmetry energy
• Nuclear dynamics and particle production near threshold energies in heavy-ion collisions
• Nuclear Equation of state for Compact Stars and Supernovae
• EMMI Rapid Reaction Task Force Meeting on 'Quark Matter in Compact Star'
• Transport approaches for the Description of Intermediate-Energy Heavy-Ion Collisions
• Sub-threshold $\varphi$ and ${\Xi }^{-}$ production by high mass resonances with UrQMD
• Unified Description of Nuclear Stopping in Central Heavy-ion Collision from 10$A$ MeV to 1.2$A$ GeV
• Strangeness in Compact Stars
• Momentum-dependent potential and collective flows within the relativistic quantum molecular dynamics approach based on relativistic mean-field theory
• Determination of the nuclear incompressibility from the rapidity-dependent elliptic flow in heavy-ion collisions at beam energies 0.4\emph{A} - 1.0\emph{A} GeV
• Collective flows of light particles in the Au+Au collision at intermediate energies
• Imposing multi-physics constraints at different densities on the Neutron Star Equation of State
• Deep sub-threshold $\Xi$ and $\Lambda$ production in nuclear collisions with the UrQMD transport model
• Equation of State of Dense Matter from a density dependent relativistic mean field model
• Multi-physics constraints at different densities to probe nuclear symmetry energy in hyperonic neutron stars
• Constraints for weakly interacting light bosons from existence of massive neutron stars
• On the Origin of the Elliptic Flow and its Dependence on the Equation of State in Heavy Ion Reactions at Intermediate Energies
• Role of the symmetry energy and the neutron-matter stiffness on the tidal deformability of a neutron star with unified equations of state
• Molecular dynamics description of an expanding $q$/$\bar{q}$ plasma with the Nambu--Jona-Lasinio model and applications to heavy ion collisions at RHIC and LHC energies
• Sub-threshold production of K^{0}_{s} mesons and Λ hyperons in Au(1.23A GeV)+Au
• Lambda hyperon production and polarization in collisions of p(3.5 GeV) + Nb
• Probing the density dependence of symmetry energy via multifragmentation at sub-saturation densities
• Phase transition from nuclear matter to color superconducting quark matter: the effect of the isospin
• Probing nuclear symmetry energy at high densities using pion, kaon, eta and photon productions in heavy-ion collisions
• Equation of State for Hot and Dense Matter: $\sigma$-$\omega$-$\rho$ Model with Scaled Hadron Masses and Couplings
• Dynamics of strangeness and collective flows in heavy-ion collisions near threshold energies
• Isospin dependence of relative yields of $K^{+}$ and $K^0$ mesons at 1.528 AGeV
• Application of machine learning in the determination of impact parameter in the ${}^{132}$Sn+${}^{124}$Sn system
• Constraining the high-density behavior of nuclear equation of state from strangeness production in heavy-ion collisions
• Flow probe of symmetry energy in relativistic heavy-ion reactions
• In-medium and isospin effects on particle production near threshold energies in heavy-ion collisions
• Isospin Dynamics in Heavy Ion Collisions: from Coulomb Barrier to Quark Gluon Plasma
• Momentum dependent mean-field dynamics of compressed nuclear matter and neutron stars
• Probing high-density nuclear symmetry energy with ${\Xi }^{-}/{\Xi }^0$ ratio in heavy-ion collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}\sim 3$ GeV
• Soft nuclear equation-of-state from heavy-ion data and implications for compact stars
• Systematic study of multi-fragmentation in asymmetric colliding nuclei
• Sensitivity of neutron to proton ratio toward the high density behavior of symmetry energy in heavy-ion collisions
• Double strangeness ${\Xi }^{-}$ production as a probe of nuclear equation of state at high densities
• Recent progress constraining the nuclear equation of state from astrophysics and heavy ion reactions
• Comparison of heavy ion transport simulations: Ag+Ag collisions at Elab = 1.58 AGeV
• Studies of the equation-of-state of nuclear matter by heavy-ion collisions at intermediate energy in the multi-messenger era
• Isospin Dynamics in Heavy Ion Collisions: EoS-sensitive Observables
• Heavy baryonic resonances, multistrange hadrons, and equilibration at energies available at the GSI Schwerionensynchrotron, SIS18
• Nuclear in-medium and isospin effects on subthreshold kaon production in heavy-ion collisions
• Response of spin polarized neutron matter under the presence of a strong magnetic field with Skyrme interactions
• Role of phi decays for K- yields in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Exploiting neutron-rich radioactive ion beams to constrain the symmetry energy
• Decoding the flow evolution in Au+Au reactions at $1.23A$ GeV using hadron flow correlations and dileptons
• The effect of Lorentz-like force on collective flows of K${}^{+}$ in Au+Au collisions at 1.5 GeV/nucleon}{The effect of Lorentz-like force on collective flows of $K^{+}$ in Au+Au collisions at 1.5 GeV/nucleon
• Role of dense matter in tidal deformations of inspiralling neutron stars and in gravitational waveform with unified equations of state
• Dynamics of strangeness production in heavy-ion collisions near threshold energies
• Directed and elliptic flows of protons and deuterons in HADES Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=2.4$ GeV
• Heavy Ion Collisions at Relativistic Energies: Testing a Nuclear Matter at High Baryon and Isospin Density
• Accreting neutron stars from the nuclear energy-density functional theory. II. Equation of state and global properties
• Investigating the role of nuclear parameters on oscillation modes in hot Neutron Stars
• Simultaneous description of high density QCD matter in heavy ion collisions and neutron star observations
• Is a soft nuclear equation of state extracted from heavy-ion data incompatible with pulsar data?
• Shell States of Neutron Rich Matter
• Effects of incompressibility $K_0$ in heavy-ion collisions at intermediate energies
• Constraining the Symmetry Energy: A Journey in the Isospin Physics from Coulomb Barrier to Deconfinement
• Recent astrophysical and accelerator based results on the Hadronic Equation of State
• Examination of STAR fixed-target data on directed flow at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=$ 3 and 4.5 GeV
• Alpha Cluster Model of Atomic Nuclei
• Strangeness in Astrophysics and Cosmology
• $f$-mode oscillations in hot Neutron Stars: Effect of hyperons and neutrino trapping
• Kaon production in the HADES experiment in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=2.4$ GeV
• Multi-strange and charmed hadrons: A novel probe for the QCD equation of state at high baryon densities
• Recent progress on superstrange dynamics
• Hadron Production in Heavy Ion Collisions
• Remarks on the non-equilibrium effects and collision dynamics in heavy-ion collisions
• Probing of EoS with clusters and hypernuclei
• A generalized definition of the isothermal compressibility in (2+1)-flavor QCD
• Toward a Unified Understanding of the Dense Matter Equation of State
• Systematics of the chemical freeze-out line in the high baryon density regime explored at SIS100
• Transport Model Comparison Studies of Intermediate-Energy Heavy-Ion Collisions