Directed and elliptic flow in heavy ion collisions from $E_{\mathrm{beam}}=90$ MeV/nucleon to $E_{c.m.}=200$ GeV/nucleon

Abstract

Recent data from the NA49 experiment on directed and elliptic flow for Pb+Pb reactions at CERN-SPS are compared to calculations with a hadron-string transport model, the Ultra-relativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics (UrQMD) model. The rapidity and transverse momentum dependence of the directed and elliptic flow, i.e. $v_1$ and $v_2$, are investigated. The flow results are compared to data at three different centrality bins. Generally, a reasonable agreement between the data and the calculations is found. Furthermore, the energy excitation functions of $v_1$ and $v_2$ from $E_{\mathrm{beam}}=90A$ MeV to $E_{\mathrm{cm}}=200A$ GeV are explored within the UrQMD framework and discussed in the context of the available data. It is found that, in the energy regime below $E_{\mathrm{beam}}\le 10A$ GeV, the inclusion of nuclear potentials is necessary to describe the data. Above $40A$ GeV beam energy, the UrQMD model starts to underestimate the elliptic flow. Around the same energy the slope of the rapidity spectra of the proton directed flow develops negative values. This effect is known as the third flow component ("antiflow") and cannot be reproduced by the transport model. These differences can possibly be explained by assuming a phase transition from hadron gas to quark gluon plasma at about $40A$ GeV.

arXiv comment19 pages, minor changes and modified title as published in PRC

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