Nonequilibrium Models of Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions

Abstract

We review the results from the various hydrodynamical and transport models on the collective flow observables from AGS to RHIC energies. A critical discussion of the present status of the CERN experiments on hadron collective flow is given. We emphasize the importance of the flow excitation function from 1 to 50 A$\cdot$GeV: here the hydrodynamic model has predicted the collapse of the $v_1$-flow and of the $v_2$-flow at $\sim 10$ A$\cdot$GeV; at 40 A$\cdot$GeV it has been recently observed by the NA49 collaboration. Since hadronic rescattering models predict much larger flow than observed at this energy we interpret this observation as evidence for a first order phase transition at high baryon density ${\rho }_B$. Moreover, the connection of the elliptic flow $v_2$ to jet suppression is examined. It is proven experimentally that the collective flow is not faked by minijet fragmentation. Additionally, detailed transport studies show that the away-side jet suppression can only partially ($<$ 50%) be due to hadronic rescattering. Furthermore, the change in sign of $v_1,v_2$ closer to beam rapidity is related to the occurence of a high density first order phase transition in the RHIC data at 62.5, 130 and 200 A$\cdot$GeV.

arXiv comment15 pages, 7 eps figures, to be published in J. Phys. G - Proceedings of SQM 2004

References in corpus (56)

• High-Energy-Physics Event Generation with PYTHIA 6.1
• Flow Study in Relativistic Nuclear Collisions by Fourier Expansion of Azimuthal Particle Distributions
• Critical point of QCD at finite T and μ, lattice results for physical quark masses
• Transverse momentum and collision energy dependence of high $p_T$ hadron suppression in Au+Au collisions at ultrarelativistic energies
• Disappearance of back-to-back high $p_T$ hadron correlations in central Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV
• Lattice determination of the critical point of QCD at finite T and μ
• Evidence from d+Au measurements for final-state suppression of high $p_T$ hadrons in Au+Au collisions at RHIC
• The Effect of Shear Viscosity on Spectra, Elliptic Flow, and HBT Radii
• Absence of Suppression in Particle Production at Large Transverse Momentum in sqrt(s_NN) = 200 GeV d+Au Collisions
• Chemical and Thermal Freeze-Out Parameters from 1 to 200 A.GeV
• Flavor Production in Pb(160AGeV) on Pb Collisions: Effect of Color Ropes and Hadronic Rescattering
• Study of relativistic nuclear collisions at AGS energies from p+Be to Au+Au with hadronic cascade model
• Directed and elliptic flow of charged pions and protons in Pb+Pb collisions at 40 and 158A GeV
• Causal Theories of Dissipative Relativistic Fluid Dynamics for Nuclear Collisions
• Centrality dependence of multiplicity, transverse energy, and elliptic flow from hydrodynamics
• High-p_T Charged Hadron Suppression in Au+Au Collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 200 GeV
• Signatures of Quark-Gluon-Plasma formation in high energy heavy-ion collisions: A critical review
• Antiflow of Nucleons at the Softest Point of the EoS
• Third flow component as QGP signal
• Strangeness dynamics and transverse pressure in relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions
• Relativistic Hydrodynamics for Heavy--Ion Collisions -- II. Compression of Nuclear Matter and the Phase Transition to the Quark--Gluon Plasma
• The Phase Transition to the Quark-Gluon Plasma and Its Effect on Hydrodynamic Flow
• Nuclear Hadronization: Within or Without?
• Anisotropic flow in ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions
• Rapidity Dependence of Charged Antiparticle-to-Particle Ratios in Au+Au Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=200$ GeV
• Open charm and charmonium production at relativistic energies
• Last Call for RHIC Predictions
• Event-by-event fluctuations in hydrodynamical description of heavy-ion collisions
• Local equilibrium in heavy ion collisions. Microscopic model versus statistical model analysis
• Measurement of inclusive antiprotons from Au+Au collisions at 130 GeV
• Shear Viscosity Coefficient from Microscopic Models
• Hadronic observables from SIS to SPS energies - anything strange with strangeness ?
• Directed flow in Au+Au, Xe+CsI and Ni+Ni collisions and the nuclear equation of state
• Transition from in-plane to out-of-plane azimuthal enhancement in Au+Au collisions
• Suppression of high transverse momentum hadrons at RHIC by (pre-) hadronic final state interactions
• Nonequilibrium fluid-dynamics in the early stage of ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Baryon flow from SIS to AGS energies
• Elliptic Flow from Minijet Production in Heavy Ion Collisions
• Quenching of High pT Hadron Spectra by Hadronic Interactions in Heavy Ion Collisions at RHIC
• Squeeze-out of nuclear matter in peripheral heavy-ion collisions and momentum-dependent effective interactions
• Flow and Bose-Einstein Correlations in Au-Au Collisions at RHIC
• Measurement of open charm production in $d$+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$=200 GeV
• Differential directed flow in Au+Au collisions
• Rapidity dependent momentum anisotropy at RHIC
• Viscosity and Thermalization
• What have we learned and want to learn from heavy ion collisions at CERN SPS?
• Differential Flow of Protons in Au+Au Collisions at AGS Energies
• News from Lattice QCD on Heavy Quark Potentials and Spectral Functions of Heavy Quark States
• Chemical freeze-out parameters at RHIC from microscopic model calculations
• Leptonic Observables in Ultra-Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions
• Transverse Pressure and Strangeness Dynamics in Relativistic Heavy Ion Reactions
• Quenching of high $p_{\perp }$ hadrons by (pre--)hadronic FSI at RHIC
• Microscopic description of anisotropic flow in relativistic heavy ion collisions
• Dissipative Relativistic Fluid Dynamics for Nuclear Collisions
• On the Observation of Phase Transitions in Collisions of Elementary Matter
• Time Dependence of Chemical Freeze-out in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions

Cited by in corpus (11)

• Relativistic Dynamics of Non-ideal Fluids: Viscous and heat-conducting fluids I. General Aspects and 3+1 Formulation for Nuclear Collisions
• Nonextensive statistical effects in the quark-gluon plasma formation at relativistic heavy-ion collisions energies
• Directed and elliptic flow in heavy ion collisions from $E_{\mathrm{beam}}=90$ MeV/nucleon to $E_{c.m.}=200$ GeV/nucleon
• Softening of the equation of state of matter at large densities and temperatures: chiral symmetry restoration vs. quark deconfinement
• Collective Flow in Heavy-Ion Collisions from AGS to SPS
• Nonextensive statistical effects in the hadron to quark-gluon phase transition
• Elliptic Flow and Dissipation in Heavy-Ion Collisions at E_{lab} = (1--160)A GeV
• Elliptic flow at RHIC: where and when does it formed?
• A transport calculation with an embedded (3+1)d hydrodynamic evolution: Elliptic flow as a function of transverse momentum at SPS energies
• Tomographic Studies of the sQGP
• Summary of theoretical contributions