Super-Eddington winds from Type I X-ray bursts

Abstract

We present hydrodynamic simulations of spherically symmetric super-Eddington winds from radius-expansion type I X-ray bursts. Previous studies assumed a steady-state wind and treated the mass-loss rate as a free parameter. Using MESA, we follow the multi-zone time-dependent burning, the convective and radiative heating of the atmosphere during the burst rise, and the launch and evolution of the optically thick radiation-driven wind as the photosphere expands outward to radii $r_{\mathrm{ph}}\gtrsim 100\text{ km}$. We focus on neutron stars (NSs) accreting pure helium and study bursts over a range of ignition depths. We find that the wind ejects $\approx 0.2\%$ of the accreted layer, nearly independent of ignition depth. This implies that $\approx 30\%$ of the nuclear energy release is used to unbind matter from the NS surface. We show that ashes of nuclear burning are ejected in the wind and dominate the wind composition for bursts that ignite at column depths $\gtrsim 10^9{\text{ g cm}}^{-2}$. The ejecta are composed primarily of elements with mass numbers $A>40$, which we find should imprint photoionization edges on the burst spectra. Evidence of heavy-element edges has been reported in the spectra of strong, radius-expansion bursts. We find that after $\approx 1\text{ s}$ the wind composition transitions from mostly light elements (${}^4$He and ${}^{12}$C), which sit at the top of the atmosphere, to mostly heavy elements ($A>40$), which sit deeper down. This may explain why the photospheric radii of all superexpansion bursts show a transition after $\approx 1\text{ s}$ from a superexpansion ($r_{\mathrm{ph}}>10^3\text{ km}$) to a moderate expansion ($r_{\mathrm{ph}}\sim 50\text{ km}$).

13 pages, 13 figures. Matches the version published in ApJ

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• NICER Discovers Spectral Lines During Photospheric Radius Expansion Bursts from 4U 1820-30: Evidence for Burst-driven Winds
• NICER views moderate, strong, and extreme photospheric expansion bursts from the ultracompact X-ray binary 4U 1820$-$30
• Expanded atmospheres and winds in Type I X-ray bursts from accreting neutron stars
• Mass-loss and composition of wind ejecta in type I X-ray bursts
• The imprint of convection on Type I X-ray bursts: Pauses in photospheric radius expansion lightcurves
• Thermal convection in rotating spherical shells: temperature-dependent internal heat generation using the example of triple-$\alpha$ burning in neutron stars
• Simulations of stellar winds from X-ray bursts. Characterization of solutions and observable variables
• Hydrodynamical simulations of proton ingestion flashes in Type I X-ray Bursts
• Emission and Absorption Lines in Photospheric Radius Expansion Bursts of 4U 1820$-$30
• Discovery of a strong 6.6 keV emission feature from EXO 1745$-$248 after the superburst in 2011 October
• On the impact of an intermediate duration X-ray burst on the accretion environment in IGR J17062-6143
• Neutron star atmospheres composed of fusion ashes