Electroweak Bubble Wall Speed Limit

Abstract

In extensions of the Standard Model with extra scalars, the electroweak phase transition can be very strong, and the bubble walls can be highly relativistic. We revisit our previous argument that electroweak bubble walls can "run away," that is, achieve extreme ultrarelativistic velocities $\gamma \sim 10^{14}$. We show that, when particles cross the bubble wall, they can emit transition radiation. Wall-frame soft processes, though suppressed by a power of the coupling $\alpha$, have a significance enhanced by the $\gamma$-factor of the wall, limiting wall velocities to $\gamma \sim 1/\alpha$. Though the bubble walls can move at almost the speed of light, they carry an infinitesimal share of the plasma's energy.

14 pages, 1 figure; version to appear in JCAP

References in corpus (1)

• Baryogenesis and Gravitational Waves from Runaway Bubble Collisions

Cited by in corpus (188)

• Cosmological Backgrounds of Gravitational Waves
• The NANOGrav 15-year Data Set: Search for Signals from New Physics
• Detecting gravitational waves from cosmological phase transitions with LISA: an update
• Shape of the acoustic gravitational wave power spectrum from a first order phase transition
• Cosmology with the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna
• On the Maximal Strength of a First-Order Electroweak Phase Transition and its Gravitational Wave Signal
• Gravitational wave energy budget in strongly supercooled phase transitions
• New Sensitivity Curves for Gravitational-Wave Signals from Cosmological Phase Transitions
• The First Three Seconds: a Review of Possible Expansion Histories of the Early Universe
• Cosmological phase transitions: from perturbative particle physics to gravitational waves
• Dark, Cold, and Noisy: Constraining Secluded Hidden Sectors with Gravitational Waves
• Gravitational waves from first-order cosmological phase transitions: lifetime of the sound wave source
• Gravitational waves from a first order electroweak phase transition: a brief review
• Gravitational waves from first order cosmological phase transitions in the Sound Shell Model
• Baryogenesis from the weak scale to the grand unification scale
• Phase transitions in the early universe
• Gravitational waves from vacuum first order phase transitions II: from thin to thick walls
• Model Discrimination in Gravitational Wave spectra from Dark Phase Transitions
• Towards an all-orders calculation of the electroweak bubble wall velocity
• Collider and Gravitational Wave Complementarity in Exploring the Singlet Extension of the Standard Model
• Updated predictions for gravitational waves produced in a strongly supercooled phase transition
• Dynamics of Electroweak Phase Transition In Singlet-Scalar Extension of the Standard Model
• Gravitational waves from bubble dynamics: Beyond the Envelope
• Friction pressure on relativistic bubble walls
• Strong gravitational radiation from a simple dark matter model
• Signals of the electroweak phase transition at colliders and gravitational wave observatories
• Primordial gravitational waves in the nano-Hertz regime and PTA data -- towards solving the GW inverse problem
• Fermi-ball dark matter from a first-order phase transition
• The Supercooled Universe
• First principles determination of bubble wall velocity
• The Gravitational-Wave Physics II: Progress
• Primordial black holes from strong first-order phase transitions
• Gravitational waves and electroweak baryogenesis in a global study of the extended scalar singlet model
• Detection of Early-Universe Gravitational Wave Signatures and Fundamental Physics
• Electroweak bubble wall expansion: gravitational waves and baryogenesis in Standard Model-like thermal plasma
• The Science of the Einstein Telescope
• Gravitational wave spectra from strongly supercooled phase transitions
• Gravitational waves from bubble collisions and fluid motion in strongly supercooled phase transitions
• The gravitational waves from the first-order phase transition with a dimension-six operator
• Peccei-Quinn Phase Transition at LIGO
• Dark matter filtering-out effect during a first-order phase transition
• On the perturbative expansion at high temperature and implications for cosmological phase transitions
• First-order Phase Transition interpretation of PTA signal produces solar-mass Black Holes
• Phase transition dynamics and gravitational wave spectra of strong first-order phase transition in supercooled universe
• Bubble wall velocities in local equilibrium
• Testing the dark SU(N) Yang-Mills theory Confined Landscape: From the Lattice to Gravitational Waves
• Baryogenesis and gravity waves from a UV-completed electroweak phase transition
• Field-theoretic derivation of bubble-wall force
• Electroweak Baryogenesis and the Standard Model Effective Field Theory
• Gravitational waves from conformal symmetry breaking
• On bubble collisions in strongly supercooled phase transitions
• Conformal model for gravitational waves and dark matter: A status update
• Bubble wall velocities in the Standard Model and beyond
• Hearing without seeing: gravitational waves from hot and cold hidden sectors
• Model-independent bubble wall velocities in local thermal equilibrium
• String Fragmentation in Supercooled Confinement and Implications for Dark Matter
• Fluid equations for fast-moving electroweak bubble walls
• Fingerprinting models of first-order phase transitions by the synergy between collider and gravitational-wave experiments
• Gravitational waves from first-order phase transitions in LISA: reconstruction pipeline and physics interpretation
• Robust approach to thermal resummation: Standard Model meets a singlet
• Supercooling in Radiative Symmetry Breaking: Theory Extensions, Gravitational Wave Detection and Primordial Black Holes
• Leptogenesis triggered by a first-order phase transition
• Probing QCD critical point and induced gravitational wave by black hole physics
• Bubble wall dynamics at the electroweak phase transition
• Echo of the Dark: gravitational waves from dark SU(3) Yang-Mills theory
• The Scalar Singlet Extension of the Standard Model: Gravitational Waves versus Baryogenesis
• Gravitational Waves from First-Order Phase Transition in a Simple Axion-Like Particle Model
• Bubble Wall Velocity at Strong Coupling
• Cosmological bubble friction in local equilibrium
• Ultra-relativistic bubbles from the simplest Higgs portal and their cosmological consequences
• Resonant Di-Higgs Production at Gravitational Wave Benchmarks: A Collider Study using Machine Learning
• Bubble Wall Velocity from Holography
• Gravitational Waves from a Pati-Salam Phase Transition
• Gravitational Waves from Hidden QCD Phase Transition
• A hybrid simulation of gravitational wave production in first-order phase transitions
• Supercool subtleties of cosmological phase transitions
• Gravitational Waves from Dark Yang-Mills Sectors
• Dark Confinement and Chiral Phase Transitions: Gravitational Waves vs Matter Representations
• Dark Holograms and Gravitational Waves
• Higgsless simulations of cosmological phase transitions and gravitational waves
• Gravitational waves from first-order phase transitions: Ultra-supercooled transitions and the fate of relativistic shocks
• A more attractive scheme for radion stabilization and supercooled phase transition
• GUT Physics in the era of the LHC
• Leptophilic dark matter from gauged lepton number: Phenomenology and gravitational wave signatures
• The trap in the early Universe: impact on the interplay between gravitational waves and LHC physics in the 2HDM
• Primordial black holes as dark matter: Interferometric tests of phase transition origin
• The Benefits of Diligence: How Precise are Predicted Gravitational Wave Spectra in Models with Phase Transitions?
• Relativistic bubble collisions -- a closer look
• Turn up the volume: Listening to phase transitions in hot dark sectors
• Composite Dynamics in the Early Universe
• Effective picture of bubble expansion
• Gravitational Waves and Primordial Black Hole Productions from Gluodynamics by Holography
• Gravitational waves from supercooled phase transitions: dimensional transmutation meets dimensional reduction
• Electroweak Baryogenesis from Temperature-Varying Couplings
• Quantisation Across Bubble Walls and Friction
• First-order electroweak phase transition in a complex singlet model with ${\mathbb{Z}}_3$ symmetry
• Old Phase Remnants in First Order Phase Transitions
• Electroweak Phase Transition with an SU(2) Dark Sector
• Filtered pseudo-scalar dark matter and gravitational waves from first order phase transition
• Correlating Gravitational Waves with $W$-boson Mass, FIMP Dark Matter, and Majorana Seesaw Mechanism
• Gravitational traces of broken gauge symmetries
• Dark matter, electroweak phase transition and gravitational wave in the type-II two-Higgs-doublet model with a singlet scalar field
• Bubble wall velocity during electroweak phase transition in the inert doublet model
• Testing clockwork axion with gravitational waves
• Electroweak Phase Transition in the $Z_3$-invariant NMSSM: Implications of LHC and Dark matter searches and prospects of detecting the gravitational waves
• Holographic Bubbles with Jecco: Expanding, Collapsing and Critical
• Phase transitions in perturbative walking dynamics
• Gravitational Waves, Bubble Profile, and Baryon Asymmetry in the Complex 2HDM
• Gravitational wave signals of dark matter freeze-out
• Gravitational Waves at Strong Coupling from an Effective Action
• Probing the Electroweak Sphaleron with Gravitational Waves
• Hydrodynamic backreaction force of cosmological bubble expansion
• Have Pulsar Timing Arrays detected the Hot Big Bang? Gravitational Waves from Strong First Order Phase Transitions in the Early Universe
• Gravitational waves from a holographic phase transition
• Bubble-wall velocity in local thermal equilibrium: hydrodynamical simulations vs analytical treatment
• Universal gravitational-wave signatures from heavy new physics in the electroweak sector
• Criterion for ultra-fast bubble walls: the impact of hydrodynamic obstruction
• Logarithmically divergent friction on ultrarelativistic bubble walls
• Gravitational waves triggered by $B-L$ charged hidden scalar and leptogenesis
• Gravitational Wave Signals from Multiple Hidden Sectors
• Gravitational Waves from Walking Technicolor
• Magnetic field generation from bubble collisions during first-order phase transition
• The energy budget of cosmological first-order phase transitions beyond the bag equation of state
• Gravitational waves from a dark $U(1{)}_D$ phase transition in the light of NANOGrav 12.5 yr data
• Gravitational Wave Imprints of Left-Right Symmetric Model with Minimal Higgs Sector
• Is electroweak baryogenesis dead?
• Scale-genesis by Dark Matter and Its Gravitational Wave Signal
• Bounds on the bubble wall velocity
• Multi-wavelength observations of cosmological phase transitions using LISA and Cosmic Explorer
• Observable Gravitational Waves in Minimal Scotogenic Model
• Bubble expansion at strong coupling
• Strong electroweak phase transition in $t$-channel simplified dark matter models
• Hunting WIMPs with LISA: Correlating dark matter and gravitational wave signals
• Bubble dynamics in fluids with N-body simulations
• Updated constraints on Georgi-Machacek model, and its electroweak phase transition and associated gravitational waves
• Detailed Calculation of Primordial Black Hole Formation During First-Order Cosmological Phase Transitions
• Gravitational Waves from Phase Transition in Minimal SUSY $U(1{)}_{B-L}$ Model
• Sensitivity to Dark Sector Scales from Gravitational Wave Signatures
• Ripples in Spacetime from Broken Supersymmetry
• LIGO as a probe of Dark Sectors
• Energy budget of cosmological first-order phase transition in FLRW background
• A first order dark $SU(2{)}_D$ phase transition with vector dark matter in the light of NANOGrav 12.5 yr data
• Electroweak Phase Transition with a Double Well Done Doubly Well
• Gravitational waves and dark matter from classical scale invariance
• Droplet collapse during strongly supercooled transitions
• The hydrodynamics of inverse phase transitions
• Gravitational-wave signatures from reheating
• Asymmetric dark matter with a spontaneously broken $U(1{)}^{\prime }$: self-interaction and gravitational waves
• Bubble wall dynamics from nonequilibrium quantum field theory
• Bubbletrons: Ultrahigh-Energy Particle Collisions and Heavy Dark Matter at Phase Transitions
• Gravitational waves from first-order phase transitions: from weak to strong
• Gravitational waves from strong first order phase transitions
• On Particle Production from Phase Transition Bubbles
• Bubble wall velocity and gravitational wave in the minimal left-right symmetric model
• Hydrodynamic fluctuations from a weakly coupled scalar field
• Model-independent features of gravitational waves from bubble collisions
• Primordial Black Hole Formation via Inverted Bubble Collapse
• Global Electroweak Symmetric Vacuum
• Gravitational effects on fluid dynamics in cosmological first-order phase transitions
• PeV-scale leptogenesis, gravity waves and black holes from a SUSY-breaking phase transition
• Non-thermal production of heavy vector dark matter from relativistic bubble walls
• Upper limit on first-order electroweak phase transition strength
• Bubble Trouble: a Review on Electroweak Baryogenesis
• General backreaction force of cosmological bubble expansion
• Bubble-wall speed with loop corrections
• Gravitational waves from supercooled phase transitions in conformal Majoron models of neutrino mass
• Leptogenesis via Varying Weinberg Operator: a Semi-Classical Approach
• Electroweak phase transition in the presence of hypermagnetic field and the generation of gravitational waves
• Significance of soft-scale breaking on primordial black hole production in Coleman-Weinberg type supercooling-phase transition
• Fate of homogeneous ${\mathbb{Z}}_2$-symmetric scalar condensates
• Dynamics of bubble walls at the electroweak phase transition
• Bubble wall correlations in cosmological phase transitions
• Probing intermediate scale Froggatt-Nielsen models at future gravitational wave observatories
• Hidden Photon and Axion Dark Matter from Symmetry Breaking
• Electroweak-like Baryogenesis with New Chiral Matter
• Entropy production at electroweak bubble walls from scalar field fluctuations
• Confinement Bubble Wall Velocity via Quasiparticle Determination
• A New Source of Phase Transition Gravitational Waves: Heavy Particle Braking Across Bubble Walls
• High-frequency gravitational waves from first-order phase transitions
• Vacuum bubble collisions: from microphysics to gravitational waves
• Dark Matter and Electroweak Baryogenesis with Spontaneous $CP$ Violation in the Early Universe
• Flow-based Nonperturbative Simulation of First-order Phase Transitions
• Baryogenesis via relativistic bubble expansion
• LISA and $\gamma$-ray telescopes as multi-messenger probes of a first-order cosmological phase transition
• Gauge-independent Gravitational Waves from Cogenesis in a $B-L$ Conserving Universe
• Gravitational waves from bubble walls
• Baryogenesis via relativistic bubble walls
• Gravitational waves from the sound shell model: direct and inverse phase transitions in the early Universe