Gravitational waves from a dark $U(1{)}_D$ phase transition in the light of NANOGrav 12.5 yr data

Abstract

We study a possibility of a strong first-order phase transition (FOPT) taking place below the electroweak scale in the context of $U(1{)}_D$ gauge extension of the standard model. As pointed out recently by the NANOGrav collaboration, gravitational waves from such a phase transition with appropriate strength and nucleation temperature can explain their 12.5 yr data. We first find the parameter space of this minimal model consistent with NANOGrav findings considering only a complex singlet scalar and $U(1{)}_D$ vector boson. Existence of a singlet fermion charged under $U(1{)}_D$ can give rise to dark matter in this model, preferably of non-thermal type, while incorporating additional fields can also generate light neutrino masses through typical low scale seesaw mechanisms like radiative or inverse seesaw.

9 pages, 5 captioned figures, typo in eq. (1) corrected, matches journal version

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