Bounds on the bubble wall velocity

Abstract

Determining the bubble wall velocity in first-order phase transitions is a challenging task, requiring the solution of (coupled) equations of motion for the scalar field and Boltzmann equations for the particles in the plasma. The collision terms appearing in the Boltzmann equation present a prominent source of uncertainty as they are often known only at leading log accuracy. In this paper, we derive upper and lower bounds on the wall velocity, corresponding to the local thermal equilibrium and ballistic limits. These bounds are completely independent of the collision terms. For the ballistic approximation, we argue that the inhomogeneous plasma temperature and velocity distributions across the bubble wall should be taken into account. This way, the hydrodynamic obstruction previously observed in local thermal equilibrium is also present for the ballistic approximation. This is essential for the ballistic approximation to provide a lower bound on the wall velocity. We use a model-independent approach to study the behaviour of the limiting wall velocities as a function of a few generic parameters, and we test our developments in the singlet extended Standard Model.

47 pages, 8 figures; v2 matches published version

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Cited by in corpus (12)

• Bubble wall dynamics from nonequilibrium quantum field theory
• Bubble Trouble: a Review on Electroweak Baryogenesis
• Non-thermal production of heavy vector dark matter from relativistic bubble walls
• Interpreting the 95 GeV resonance in the Two Higgs Doublet Model: Implications for the Electroweak Phase Transition
• Steady-state bubbles beyond local thermal equilibrium
• Inverse bubbles from broken supersymmetry
• Entropy production at electroweak bubble walls from scalar field fluctuations
• Thermal evolution of dark matter and gravitational-wave production in the early universe from a symplectic glueball model
• A New Source of Phase Transition Gravitational Waves: Heavy Particle Braking Across Bubble Walls
• Gauge-independent Gravitational Waves from Cogenesis in a $B-L$ Conserving Universe
• Gravitational waves from the sound shell model: direct and inverse phase transitions in the early Universe
• Detectability of the Phase Transition Gravitational Waves in the DFSZ axion Model