Electroweak and Left-Right Phase Transitions in $SO(5)\times U(1)\times SU(3)$ Gauge-Higgs Unification

Abstract

The electroweak phase transition in GUT inspired $SO(5)\times U(1)\times SU(3)$ gauge-Higgs unification is shown to be weakly first order and occurs at $T=T_c^{\mathrm{EW}}\sim 163$GeV, which is very similar to the behavior in the standard model in perturbation theory. A new phase appears at higher temperatures. $SU(2{)}_L\times U(1{)}_Y$ (${\theta }_H=0$) and $SU(2{)}_R\times U(1{)}_{Y^{\prime }}$ (${\theta }_H=\pi$) phases become almost degenerate above $T\sim m_{\mathrm{KK}}$ where $m_{\mathrm{KK}}$ is the Kaluza-Klein mass scale typically around 13TeV and ${\theta }_H$ is the Aharonov-Bohm phase along the fifth dimension. The two phases become degenerate at $T=T_c^{\mathrm{LR}}\sim m_{\mathrm{KK}}$. As the temperature drops in the evolution of the early Universe the $SU(2{)}_R\times U(1{)}_{Y^{\prime }}$ phase becomes unstable. The tunneling rate from the $SU(2{)}_R\times U(1{)}_{Y^{\prime }}$ phase to the $SU(2{)}_L\times U(1{)}_Y$ phase becomes sizable and a first-order phase transition takes place at $T=2.5\sim 2.6$TeV. The amount of gravitational waves produced in this left-right phase transition is small, far below the reach of the sensitivity of Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA). A detailed analysis of the $SU(2{)}_R\times U(1{)}_{Y^{\prime }}$ phase is also given. It is shown that the $W$ boson, $Z$ boson and photon, with ${\theta }_H$ varying from 0 to $\pi$, are transformed to gauge bosons in the $SU(2{)}_R\times U(1{)}_{Y^{\prime }}$ phase. Gauge couplings and wave functions of quarks, leptons and dark fermions in the $SU(2{)}_R\times U(1{)}_{Y^{\prime }}$ phase are determined.

43 pages, 6 figures, typos corrected

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• Bhabha scattering in the gauge-Higgs unification
• Coupling Sum Rules and Oblique Corrections in Gauge-Higgs Unification
• Universality in Anomaly Flow
• New classification method for Equivalence Classes on $S^1/Z_2$ and $T^2/Z_3$ Orbifolds
• Relation between higher-dimensional gauge theories and gravitational waves from first-order phase transitions
• Trace conservation laws in $T^2/Z_m$ orbifold gauge theories
• Family Unification in $SO(16)$ Grand Unification