A search for \textit{Fermi} bursts associated to supernovae and their frequency of occurrence

Abstract

Context: Observations suggest that the major fraction of long duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are connected with broad-lines supernovae Ib/c, (SNe-Ibc). The presence of GRB-SNe is revealed by rebrightenings emerging from the optical GRB afterglow $10$--$15$ days, in the rest-frame of the source, after the prompt GRB emission. Aims: \textit{Fermi}-GBM has a field of view (FoV) which is about 6.5 times larger than the FoV of \textit{Swift}, therefore we expect that a number of GRB-SN connections have been missed due to lack of optical and X-ray instruments on board of \textit{Fermi}, which are essential to reveal SNe associated with GRBs. This fact has motivated our search in the \textit{Fermi} catalogue for possible GRB-SN events. Methods: The search for possible GRB-SN associations follows two requirements: (1) SN should fall inside the \textit{Fermi}-GBM error box of the considered long GRB, and (2) this GRB should occur within $20$ days before the SN event. Results: We have found $5$ cases, within $z<0.2$ fulfilling the above reported requirements. One of them, GRB 130702A-SN 2013dx, was already known as GRB-SN association. We have analyzed the remaining $4$ cases and we concluded that three of them are, very likely, just random coincidences, due to the \textit{Fermi}-GBM large error box associated with each GRB detection. We found one GRB possibly associated with a SN 1998bw-like, GRB 120121B/SN 2012ba. Conclusions: The very low redshift of GRB 120121B/SN 2012ba ($z=0.017$) implies a low isotropic energy of this burst ($E_{iso}=1.39\times 10^{48}$) erg. We then compute the rate of \textit{Fermi} low-luminosity GRBs connected with SNe to be ${\rho }_{0,b}\le 770$Gpc${}^{-3}$yr${}^{-1}$. We estimate that \textit{Fermi}-GBM could detect $1$--$4$ GRBs-SNe within $z\le 0.2$ in the next 4 years.

arXiv comment6 pages, 1 figure, accepted for publication in A&A

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• LSQ14efd: observations of the cooling of a shock break-out event in a type Ic Supernova
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• A lower occurrence rate of bright X-ray flares in SN-GRBs than $z<1$ GRBs: evidence of energy partitions?