The "amplitude" parameter of Gamma-Ray Bursts and its implications for GRB classification

Abstract

Traditionally gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are classified in the $T_{90}$-hardness ratio two-dimensional plane into long/soft and short/hard GRBs. In this paper, we suggest to add the "amplitude" of GRB prompt emission as the third dimension as a complementary criterion to classify GRBs, especially those of short durations. We define three new parameters $f$, $f_{\mathrm{eff}}$ and $f_{\mathrm{eff},\mathrm{z}}$ as ratios between the measured/simulated peak flux of a GRB/pseudo-GRB and the flux background, and discuss the applications of these parameters to GRB classification. We systematically derive these parameters to find that most short GRBs are likely not "tip-of-iceberg" of long GRBs. However, one needs to be cautious if a short GRB has a relatively small $f$ (e.g. $f<1.5$), since the chance for an intrinsically long GRB to appear as a "disguised" short GRB is higher. Based on avaialble data, we quantify the probability of a disguised short GRB below a certain $f$ value is as $P(<f)\sim 0.78_{-0.4}^{+0.71}{f}^{-4.33\pm 1.84}$. By progressively "moving" a long GRB to higher redshifts through simulations, we also find that most long GRBs would show up as rest-frame short GRBs above a certain redshift.

11 pages, 14 figures. Accepted by MNRAS

References in corpus (16)

• Long gamma-ray bursts and core-collapse supernovae have different environments
• An optical supernova associated with the X-ray flash XRF 060218
• No supernovae associated with two long-duration gamma ray bursts
• Discerning the physical origins of cosmological Gamma-ray bursts based on multiple observational criteria: the cases of z=6.7 GRB 080913, z=8.3 GRB 090423, and some short/hard GRBs
• An enigmatic long-lasting gamma-ray burst not accompanied by a bright supernova
• GRB Radiative Efficiencies Derived from the Swift Data: GRBs vs. XRFs, Long vs. Short
• A Comprehensive Analysis of Fermi Gamma-Ray Burst Data. I. Spectral Components and Their Possible Physical Origins of LAT/GBM GRBs
• The 2nd Fermi GBM Gamma-Ray Burst Catalog: The First Four Years
• Making a Short Gamma-Ray Burst from a Long one: Implications for the Nature of GRB 060614
• Short vs Long and Collapsars vs. non-Collapsar: a quantitative classification of GRBs
• The First Swift BAT Gamma-Ray Burst Catalog
• Discovery of the broad-lined Type Ic SN 2013cq associated with the very energetic GRB 130427A
• A Comprehensive Analysis of Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Data: III. Energy-Dependent T90 Distributions of GBM GRBs and Instrumental Selection Effect on Duration Classification
• Astrophysics: A burst of new ideas
• Revisiting the Long/Soft-Short/Hard Classification of Gamma-Ray Bursts in the Fermi Era
• Evidence of Exponential Decay Emission in the Swift Gamma-ray Bursts

Cited by in corpus (36)

• The Physics of Gamma-Ray Bursts and Relativistic Jets
• The Millisecond Magnetar Central Engine in short GRBs
• A long-duration gamma-ray burst with a peculiar origin
• Extra-galactic high-energy transients: event rate densities and luminosity functions
• FRB Energetics and detectability from high redshifts
• Neutrino-dominated accretion flows as the central engine of gamma-ray bursts
• A Peculiarly Short-duration Gamma-Ray Burst from Massive Star Core Collapse
• Optical and X-ray GRB Fundamental Planes as Cosmological Distance Indicators
• An unexpectedly low-redshift excess of Swift gamma-ray burst rate
• A Comparative Study of Long and Short GRBs. I. Overlapping Properties
• Short vs. Long Gamma-Ray Bursts: A Comprehensive Study of Energetics and Prompt Gamma-Ray Correlations
• Black hole hyperaccretion inflow-outflow model. I. long and ultra-long gamma-ray bursts
• A comprehensive statistical study on gamma-ray bursts
• The duration distribution of Swift Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Stringent Search for Precursor Emission in Short GRBs from Fermi/GBM data and Physical Implications
• Gamma-Ray Burst/Supernova Associations: Energy partition and the case of a magnetar central engine
• Characteristics of Two-episode Emission Patterns in {\em Fermi} Long Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Outflows from black hole hyperaccretion systems: short and long-short gamma-ray bursts and "quasi-supernovae"
• Cosmic Evolution of Long Gamma-Ray Burst Luminosity
• Black hole hyperaccretion inflow-outflow model. II. Long-duration gamma-ray bursts and supernova ${}^{56}\mathrm{Ni}$ bumps
• Classifying GRB170817A / GW170817 in a Fermi duration - hardness plane
• A Comparative Study of Long and Short GRBs. II. A Multi-wavelength Method to distinguish Type II (massive star) and Type I (compact star) GRBs
• GRB Observational Properties
• Instrumental Tip-of-the-iceberg Effects on the Prompt Emission of Swift/BAT Gamma-ray Bursts
• The properties of prompt emission in short GRBs with extended emission observed by {\em Fermi}/GBM
• Physical Implications of the Sub-threshold GRB GBM-190816 and its Associated Sub-threshold Gravitational Wave Event
• Search for Quasi-Periodical Oscillations in Precursors of Short and Long Gamma Ray Bursts
• A Multilevel Empirical Bayesian Approach to Estimating the Unknown Redshifts of 1366 BATSE Catalog Long-Duration Gamma-Ray Bursts
• GRB 200826A: A Precursor of a Long GRB with Missing Main Emission
• Multidimensional analysis of Fermi GBM gamma-ray bursts
• Black hole hyperaccretion in collapsars. III. GRB timescale
• External Shock in a Multi-Bursting Gamma-ray Burst: Energy Injection Phase induced by the Later Launched Ejecta
• Probing the progenitor of high-$z$ short-duration GRB 201221D and its possible bulk acceleration in prompt emission
• GRB minimum variability timescales with Fermi/GBM
• GRB 160410A: the first Chemical Study of the Interstellar Medium of a Short GRB
• Gamma-Ray Bursts, Supernovae Ia and Baryon Acoustic Oscillations: a binned cosmological analysis