A Comparative Study of Long and Short GRBs. II. A Multi-wavelength Method to distinguish Type II (massive star) and Type I (compact star) GRBs

Abstract

Gamma Ray Burst (GRBs) are empirically classified as long-duration GRBs (LGRBs, $>$ 2s) and short-duration GRBs (SGRBs, $<$ 2s). Physically they can be grouped into two distinct progenitor categories: those originating from collapse of massive stars (also known as Type II) and those related to mergers of compact stars (also known as Type I). Even though most LGRBs are Type II and most SGRBs are Type I, the duration criterion is not always reliable to determine the physical category of a certain GRB. Based on our previous comprehensive study of the multi-wavelength properties of long and short GRBs, here we utilize the Naive Bayes method to physically classify GRBs as Type I and Type II GRBs based on multi-wavelength criteria. It results in 0.5\% training error rate and 1\% test error rate. Moreover, there is a gap [-1.2, -0.16] in the distribution of the posterior Odds, $\log O(\mathrm{II}:\mathrm{I})$, the Type II to Type I probability ratio. Therefore, we propose to use $\mathcal{O}=\log O(\mathrm{II}:\mathrm{I})+0.7$ as the parameter to classify GRBs into Type I ($<0$) or Type II ($>0$). The only confirmed Type I GRB, GRB 170817A, has log $O(\mathrm{II}:\mathrm{I})=-10$. According to this criterion, the supernova-less long GRBs 060614 and 060505 belong to Type I, and two controversial short GRBs 090426 and 060121 belong to Type II.

arXiv commentAccepted for publication in ApJ. An interface website and a public python code are available in http://www.physics.unlv.edu/~liye/GRB/grb_cls.html

References in corpus (76)

• GW170817: Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Neutron Star Inspiral
• Multi-messenger Observations of a Binary Neutron Star Merger
• Gravitational Waves and Gamma-rays from a Binary Neutron Star Merger: GW170817 and GRB 170817A
• Star Formation in the Milky Way and Nearby Galaxies
• Collapsars - Gamma-Ray Bursts and Explosions in "Failed Supernovae"
• Discovery of the peculiar supernova 1998bw in the error box of GRB980425
• The Supernova -- Gamma-Ray Burst Connection
• An Ordinary Short Gamma-Ray Burst with Extraordinary Implications: Fermi-GBM Detection of GRB 170817A
• A very energetic supernova associated with the gamma-ray burst of 29 March 2003
• Metallicity Calibrations and the Mass-Metallicity Relation for Star-Forming Galaxies
• Gamma-Ray Bursts as the Death Throes of Massive Binary Stars
• Transient Events from Neutron Star Mergers
• Spectroscopic Discovery of the Supernova 2003dh Associated with GRB 030329
• Electromagnetic Counterparts of Compact Object Mergers Powered by the Radioactive Decay of R-process Nuclei
• Swope Supernova Survey 2017a (SSS17a), the Optical Counterpart to a Gravitational Wave Source
• Are Gamma-Ray Bursts in Star Forming Regions?
• Short-Duration Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Long gamma-ray bursts and core-collapse supernovae have different environments
• A "kilonova" associated with short-duration gamma-ray burst 130603B
• Metallicities of 0.3<z<1.0 Galaxies in the GOODS-North Field
• The Observed Offset Distribution of Gamma-Ray Bursts from Their Host Galaxies: A Robust Clue to the Nature of the Progenitors
• A short gamma-ray burst apparently asssociated with an elliptical galaxy at redshift z=0.225
• The Combined Ultraviolet, Optical, and Near-Infrared Light Curves of the Kilonova Associated with the Binary Neutron Star Merger GW170817: Unified Data Set, Analytic Models, and Physical Implications
• Swift detects a remarkable gamma-ray burst, GRB 060614, that introduces a new classification scheme
• The afterglow of GRB050709 and the nature of the short-hard gamma-ray bursts
• An r-Process Kilonova Associated with the Short-Hard GRB 130603B
• Short Gamma-Ray Bursts with Extended Emission
• No supernovae associated with two long-duration gamma ray bursts
• Discerning the physical origins of cosmological Gamma-ray bursts based on multiple observational criteria: the cases of z=6.7 GRB 080913, z=8.3 GRB 090423, and some short/hard GRBs
• An enigmatic long-lasting gamma-ray burst not accompanied by a bright supernova
• The Galaxy Population Hosting Gamma-Ray Bursts
• The gamma-ray burst GRB060614 requires a novel explosive process
• The afterglow and elliptical host galaxy of the short gamma-ray burst GRB 050724
• The Locations of Short Gamma-ray Bursts as Evidence for Compact Object Binary Progenitors
• Low Luminosity Gamma-Ray Bursts as a Unique Population: Luminosity Function, Local Rate, and Beaming Factor
• A possible Macronova in the late afterglow of the `long-short' burst GRB 060614
• Three types of gamma-ray bursts
• UV star-formation rates of GRB host galaxies
• A new population of ultra-long duration gamma-ray bursts
• The optical afterglow of the short gamma-ray burst GRB 050709
• The Afterglows of Swift-era Gamma-Ray Bursts II.: Type I GRB versus Type II GRB Optical Afterglows
• Making a Short Gamma-Ray Burst from a Long one: Implications for the Nature of GRB 060614
• Hubble Space Telescope Observations of Short GRB Host Galaxies: Morphologies, Offsets, and Local Environments
• The Macronova in GRB 050709 and the GRB/macronova connection
• The optical counterpart to gamma-ray burst GRB970228 observed using the Hubble Space Telescope
• The ultra-long Gamma-Ray Burst 111209A: the collapse of a blue supergiant?
• A peculiar low-luminosity short gamma-ray burst from a double neutron star merger progenitor
• The Host Galaxy of GRB 970508
• Formation rates of core collapse SNe and GRBs
• A 3rd Class of Gamma Ray Bursts?
• The Offset and Host Light Distributions of Long Gamma-Ray Bursts: A New View from HST Observations of Swift Bursts
• The Electromagnetic Counterpart of the Binary Neutron Star Merger LIGO/VIRGO GW170817. VII. Properties of the Host Galaxy and Constraints on the Merger Timescale
• The Host Galaxies of Short-Duration Gamma-Ray Bursts: Luminosities, Metallicities, and Star Formation Rates
• GRB 050509B: Constraints on short gamma-ray burst models
• Binary Merger Progenitors for Gamma-Ray Bursts and Hypernovae
• Threshold for Extended Emission in Short Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Discovery of the broad-lined Type Ic SN 2013cq associated with the very energetic GRB 130427A
• How Long does a Burst Burst?
• Astrophysics: A burst of new ideas
• A new definition of the intermediate group of gamma-ray bursts
• GRB 080503 late afterglow re-brightening: signature of a magnetar powered merger-nova
• GRB 090426: The Environment of a Rest-Frame 0.35-second Gamma-Ray Burst at Redshift z=2.609
• Identifying Young Stars in Massive Star-Forming Regions for the MYStIX Project
• Possible detection of hard X-ray afterglows of short gamma-ray bursts
• Off-Axis Emission of Short GRB Jets from Double Neutron Star Mergers and GRB 170817A
• GRB090426: the farthest short gamma-ray burst?
• Short Gamma-Ray Bursts with Extended Emission Observed with Swift/BAT and Fermi/GBM
• Are Starburst Galaxies the Hosts of Gamma-Ray Bursts ?
• General Relativistic Binary Merger Simulations and Short Gamma Ray Bursts
• How Sample Completeness Affects Gamma-Ray Burst Classification
• A Comparative Study of Long and Short GRBs. I. Overlapping Properties
• The "amplitude" parameter of Gamma-Ray Bursts and its implications for GRB classification
• A Naive Bayes Source Classifier for X-ray Sources
• Evidence for New Relations between Gamma Ray Burst Prompt and X-ray Afterglow Emission from 9 Years of Swift
• Classifying GRB170817A / GW170817 in a Fermi duration - hardness plane
• Identifying Subclasses of Long Gamma-Ray Bursts with Cumulative Light Curve Morphology of Prompt Emissions

Cited by in corpus (14)

• A Peculiarly Short-duration Gamma-Ray Burst from Massive Star Core Collapse
• The X-ray fundamental plane of the Platinum Sample, the Kilonovae and the SNe Ib/c associated with GRBs
• The Optical Luminosity-Time Correlation for More Than 100 Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows
• A comparative study of host galaxy properties between Fast Radio Bursts and stellar transients
• Stringent Search for Precursor Emission in Short GRBs from Fermi/GBM data and Physical Implications
• Evidence of extended emission in GRB 181123B and other high-redshift short GRBs
• A Naive Bayes Classifier for identifying Class II YSOs
• New evidence of multiple channels for the origin of gamma-ray bursts with extended emission
• Overall Spectral Properties of Prompt Emissions with Diverse Segments in Swift/BAT Short Gamma-ray Bursts
• Exploring Gamma-Ray Burst Diversity: Clustering analysis of emission characteristics of Fermi and BATSE detected GRBs
• Gamma-ray burst taxonomy: looking for the third class on the spectral peak energy-duration plane in the rest frame
• Detection of a Millisecond Periodicity in BATSE Short Gamma-Ray Bursts
• GRB 160410A: the first Chemical Study of the Interstellar Medium of a Short GRB
• Gamma-Ray Bursts, Supernovae Ia and Baryon Acoustic Oscillations: a binned cosmological analysis