The Observed Offset Distribution of Gamma-Ray Bursts from Their Host Galaxies: A Robust Clue to the Nature of the Progenitors

Abstract

We present a comprehensive study to measure the locations of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) relative to their host galaxies. In total, we find the offsets of 20 long-duration GRBs from their apparent host galaxy centers utilizing ground-based images from Palomar and Keck and space-based images from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). The median projected angular (physical) offset is 0.17 arcsec (1.3 kpc). The median offset normalized by the individual host half-light radii is 0.98 suggesting a strong connection of GRB locations with the UV light of their hosts. This provides strong observational evidence for the connection of GRBs to star formation. We compare the observed offset distribution with an exponential disk, a model for the location of collapsars. The statistical comparison shows good agreement, with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov probability that the observed offsets derive from the model distribution of P_KS = 0.45. We also compare the observed GRB offsets with the expected offset distribution of delayed merging remnant progenitors (black hole--neutron star and neutron star--neutron star binaries). We find that delayed merging remnant progenitors, insofar as the predicted offset distributions from population synthesis studies are representative, can be ruled out at the 2 x 10^{-3} level. This is arguably the strongest observational constraint yet against delayed merging remnants as the progenitors of long-duration GRBs. In the course of this study, we have also discovered the putative host galaxies of GRB 990510 and GRB 990308 in archival HST data. (abstract abridged)

Accepted to the Astronomical Journal (27 November 2001). Scheduled to be published in the March 2002 issue. 61 pages, 10 figures (2 color). Figures 1 and 2 are reduced resolution. A PDF version (or PS version) with full-resolution images images can be obtained at http://www.astro.caltech.edu/~jsb/Papers/offset.pdf (or http://www.astro.caltech.edu/~jsb/Papers/offset.ps.gz)

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• GRB 021211 as a Faint Analogue of GRB 990123: Exploring the Similarities and Differences in their Optical Afterglows
• No velocity-kicks are required to explain large-distance offsets of Ca-rich supernovae and short-GRBs
• Forward Modeling of Double Neutron Stars: Insights from Highly-Offset Short Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Reverse Shock Emission Revealed in Early Photometry in the Candidate Short GRB 180418A
• The Host Galaxy of GRB 990712
• Fermi Large Area Telescope detection of gamma-ray emission from the direction of supernova iPTF14hls
• Where are the Cosmic Metals at z~3?
• Gamma photometric redshifts for long gamma-ray bursts
• The Most Rapidly Declining Type I Supernova 2019bkc/ATLAS19dqr
• The distant, galaxy cluster environment of the short GRB 161104A at $z\sim 0.8$ and a comparison to the short GRB host population
• A quiescent galaxy at the position of the long GRB 050219A
• GRB 050826: A Subluminous Event at z = 0.296 Finds its Place in the Luminosity Distribution of Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows
• The Evolution of Gamma-ray Burst Jet Opening Angle through Cosmic Time
• Halo Retention and Evolution of Coalescing Compact Binaries in Cosmological Simulations of Structure Formation: Implications for Short Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Long Gamma-Ray Bursts and Their Host Galaxies at High Redshift
• The host galaxy of GRB 980425 / SN1998bw: a collisional ring galaxy
• An HST study of three very faint GRB host galaxies
• A nearby GRB host prototype for z~7 Lyman-break galaxies: Spitzer-IRS and X-shooter spectroscopy of the host galaxy of GRB031203
• Reconciling the GRB rate and star formation histories
• A Stochastic Approach To Reconstruct Gamma Ray Burst Lightcurves
• The first Infrared study of the close environment of a long Gamma-Ray Burst
• GRB 090510: a genuine short-GRB from a binary neutron star coalescing into a Kerr-Newman black hole
• An Explanation for the Different X-ray to Optical Column Densities in the Environments of Gamma Ray Bursts: A Progenitor Embedded in a Dense Medium
• Short GRBs and dark matter seeding in neutron stars
• The Host Galaxy of GRB 060505: Host ISM Properties
• The X-ray afterglow of GRB 020322
• A search for the afterglows, kilonovae, and host galaxies of two short GRBs: GRB 211106A and GRB 211227A
• SDSS J124602.54+011318.8: A Highly Luminous Optical Transient at z=0.385
• Are the host galaxies of Long Gamma-Ray Bursts more compact than star-forming galaxies of the field?
• A Comparative Study of Long and Short GRBs. II. A Multi-wavelength Method to distinguish Type II (massive star) and Type I (compact star) GRBs
• Quasi-periodic oscillations in precursor flares via seismic aftershocks from resonant shattering
• Pair loading in Gamma-Ray Burst Fireball And Prompt Emission From Pair-Rich Reverse Shock
• A Systematic Exploration of Kilonova Candidates from Neutron Star Mergers During the Third Gravitational Wave Observing Run
• A quasar hiding behind two dusty absorbers. Quantifying the selection bias of metal-rich, damped Lyman-alpha absorption systems
• Eighteen Years of Kilonova Discoveries with Swift
• A blast from the infant Universe: the very high-z GRB 210905A
• Evidence for a Fast Decline in the Progenitor Population of Gamma Ray Bursts and the Nature of their Origin
• GRB 110715A: The peculiar multiwavelength evolution of the first afterglow detected by ALMA
• The connection between Gamma-ray bursts and Supernovae Ib/c
• An Elusive Population of Massive Disk Galaxies Hosting Double-lobed Radio-loud AGNs
• A short gamma-ray burst from a proto-magnetar remnant
• Steep extinction towards GRB 140506A reconciled from host galaxy observations: Evidence that steep reddening laws are local
• Neutrinos from Pulsar Wind Bubbles as Precursors to Gamma-Ray Bursts
• An Imaging and Spectroscopic Study of Four Strong MgII Absorbers Revealed By GRB060418
• The galaxy density environment of gamma-ray burst host galaxies
• Deciphering the unusual stellar progenitor of GRB 210704A
• GRB 180418A: A possibly-short GRB with a wide-angle outflow in a faint host galaxy
• A Deep Search with HST for Late Time Supernova Signatures in the Hosts of XRF 011030 and XRF 020427
• The interacting nature of dwarf galaxies hosting superluminous supernovae
• Gamma-ray Bursts and the Early Star-formation History
• A search for radio afterglows from gamma-ray bursts with the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder
• GRB 051008: A long, spectrally-hard dust-obscured GRB in a Lyman-Break Galaxy at z ~ 2.8
• Radio Loud vs. Radio Quiet Gamma-ray Bursts: the Role of Binary Progenitors
• GRB 070707: the first short gamma-ray burst observed by INTEGRAL
• Connecting GRBs and galaxies: the probability of chance coincidence
• Can life survive Gamma-Ray Bursts in the high-redshift universe?
• Dust and dark Gamma-Ray Bursts: mutual implications
• A Deep Targeted Search for Fast Radio Bursts from the Sites of Low-Redshift Short Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Density Profiles of Collapsed Rotating Massive Stars Favor Long Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Broad and shifted iron-group emission lines in gamma-ray bursts as tests of the hypernova scenario
• Chandra and Hubble Space Telescope observations of dark gamma-ray bursts and their host galaxies
• The host galaxy of GRB 011121: Morphology and Spectral Energy Distribution
• An Empirical Study of Contamination in Deep, Rapid, and Wide-Field Optical Follow-Up of Gravitational Wave Events
• Rapidly-Declining Hostless Type Ia Supernova KSP-OT-201509b from the KMTNet Supernova Program: Transitional Nature and Constraint on ${}^{56}$Ni Distribution and Progenitor Type
• Massive star-formation rates of gamma-ray burst host galaxies: an unobscured view in X-rays
• Far-infrared observations of an unbiased sample of gamma-ray burst host galaxies
• Detailed multi-wavelength modelling of the dark GRB 140713A and its host galaxy
• Host Galaxy Properties of the Subluminous GRB 120422A/SN 2012bz
• Can past gamma-ray bursts explain both INTEGRAL and ATIC/PAMELA/Fermi anomalies simultaneously?
• A Quark-Nova in the wake of a core-collapse Supernova: a unifying model for long duration Gamma-Ray Bursts and Fast Radio Bursts
• Evidence for a compact stellar merger origin for GRB 230307A from Fermi-LAT and multi-wavelength afterglow observations
• The brightest GRB ever detected: GRB 221009A as a highly luminous event at z = 0.151
• The long and the short of it: modelling double neutron star and collapsar Galactic dynamics
• The obscured hyper-energetic GRB 120624B hosted by a luminous compact galaxy at z = 2.20
• GRB 201015A: from seconds to months of optical monitoring and supernova discovery
• A nearby GRB host galaxy: VLT/X-shooter observations of HG 031203
• Metallicity-Suppressed Collapsars Cannot be the Dominant r-Process Source in the Milky Way
• Probability for chance coincidence of a gamma-ray burst with a galaxy on the sky
• Searching For Fermi GRB Optical Counterparts With The Prototype Gravitational-Wave Optical Transient Observer (GOTO)
• Photometric redshift of the GRB 981226 host galaxy
• On the structure of the burst and afterglow of Gamma-Ray Bursts I: the radial approximation
• The luminous, massive and solar metallicity galaxy hosting the Swift gamma-ray burst, GRB 160804A at z = 0.737
• SAGUARO: Time-domain Infrastructure for the Fourth Gravitational-wave Observing Run and Beyond
• Local absorption of high-energy emission from gamma-ray bursts
• Possible correlations between gamma-ray burst and its host galaxy offset
• R-process Rain from Binary Neutron Star Mergers in the Galactic Halo
• Investigating time variability of X-ray absorption in Swift GRBs
• GRB 210217A: A short or a long GRB?
• Gravitational wave frequencies and energies in hypernovae
• Early GeV afterglows from gamma-ray bursts in pulsar wind bubbles
• Probing the Nature of Short Swift Bursts via Deep INTEGRAL Monitoring of GRB 050925
• GRB 071028B, a burst behind large amounts of dust in an unabsorbed galaxy
• A Hubble Space Telescope Imaging Study of Four FeLoBAL Quasar Host Galaxies
• The late jet in gamma-ray bursts and its interactions with a supernova ejecta and a cocoon
• Long Gamma-Ray Burst Host Galaxies and their Environments
• A Tight Three-parameter Correlation and Related Classification on Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Gamma-ray burst radio afterglows from Population III stars: Simulation methods and detection prospects with SKA precursors
• On the origin of bimodal duration distribution of Gamma Ray Bursts
• The infrared counterpart and proper motion of magnetar SGR0501+4516
• Chemical abundances and spatial distribution of Long Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Optical Limits on Precursor Emission from Gamma-Ray Bursts with Known Redshift
• Cosmic Evolution with Early and Late Acceleration Inspired by Dual Nature of the Ricci Scalar Curvature
• Possible correlations between the emission properties of short GRBs and their offsets from the host galaxies
• Gravo-thermal catastrophe in gravitational collapse and energy progenitor of Gamma-Ray Bursts
• The CGM-GRB Study II: Outflow-Galaxy Connection at z ~ 2-6
• Redshifts of candidate host galaxies of four fast X-ray transients using VLT/MUSE
• The Variability of Gamma-Ray Bursts that Create Afterglows
• ALMA and RATIR observations of GRB131030A
• Unveiling the nature of the Einstein Probe transient EP 241021a
• Binary neutron star merger offsets from their host galaxies II. Short-duration gamma-ray bursts
• Delayed Onset and Fast Rise of Prompt Optical-UV Emission from Gamma-Ray Bursts in Molecular Clouds
• Exploring the connection between compact object mergers and fast X-ray transients: The cases of LXT 240402A and EP250207b
• A Spatially Resolved Study of the GRB 020903 Host Galaxy
• Multi-Model Framework for Reconstructing Gamma-Ray Burst Light Curves
• GRB 180728A and SN 2018fip: the nearest high-energy cosmological gamma-ray burst with an associated supernova
• Detection of Low-Redshift Excess in Supernova-Linked Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Features and prospects for kilonova remnant detection with current and future surveys
• Multi-wavelength follow-up of FRB 180309
• A long-duration gamma-ray burst of dynamical origin from the nucleus of an ancient galaxy
• Instruments on large optical telescopes -- A case study
• Kilonova and progenitor properties of merger-driven gamma-ray bursts
• Systematic study for gas-to-dust ratio of short gamma-ray burst afterglows
• Characterizing CO Emitters in the SSA22-AzTEC26 Field
• Finding LoTSS of hosts for GRBs: a search for galaxy - gamma-ray burst coincidences at low frequencies with LOFAR
• Testing Evolutionary Models with Red Supergiant and Wolf-Rayet Populations
• Gamma-ray bursts at extremely small fluence
• First IFU observations of two GRB host galaxies at cosmic noon with JWST/NIRSpec
• Accessing the Host Galaxies of Long Gamma-Ray Bursts with Next-Generation Telescopes
• An Archival Optical Counterpart Search for Extragalactic Fast X-Ray Transients Discovered by Einstein Probe
• The metallicity dependence of long-duration gamma-ray bursts
• Identifying Host Galaxies of Binary Black Hole Mergers with Next-Generation Gravitational Wave Detector Networks
• Constraining stellar properties of intervening damped Lyα and MgII absorbing galaxies toward GRB 050730
• Gamma-ray Bursts
• A Radio-selected Population of Dark, Long Gamma-ray Bursts: Comparison to the Long Gamma-ray Burst Population and Implications for Host Dust Distributions
• Discovery of a Featureless Tidal Disruption Event at z~1 with the Wide Field Survey Telescope
• On the hosts of neutron star mergers in the nearby Universe
• GRB 260310A / SN 2026fgk: A Multi-Wavelength Study of a Nearby Underluminous Long GRB and SN with a Complex Afterglow
• GOTO identification and broadband modelling of the counterpart to the SVOM GRB 250818B
• GRBs as Probes of Massive Stars Near and Far
• Deep ATCA and VLA radio observations of short-GRB host galaxies. Constraints on star-formation rates, afterglow flux, and kilonova radio flares
• Host Galaxies of Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Simulating High-Redshift Disk Galaxies: Applications to Long Duration Gamma-Ray Burst Hosts