The Pulsar Kick Velocity Distribution

Abstract

We analyse the sample of pulsar proper motions, taking detailed account of the selection effects of the original surveys. We treat censored data using survival statistics. From a comparison of our results with Monte Carlo simulations, we find that the mean birth speed of a pulsar is 250-300 km/s, rather than the 450 km/s foundby Lyne & Lorimer (1994). The resultant distribution is consistent with a maxwellian with dispersion ${\sigma }_v=190km/s$. Despite the large birth velocities, we find that the pulsars with long characteristic ages show the asymmetric drift, indicating that they are dynamically old. These pulsars may result from the low velocity tail of the younger population, although modified by their origin in binaries and by evolution in the galactic potential.

Latex, 10 pages, and 11 postscript figures. Accepted by Monthly Notices

Cited by in corpus (257)

• Evolution of binary stars and the effect of tides on binary populations
• A statistical study of 233 pulsar proper motions
• Dynamical evolution of star clusters in tidal fields
• Birth and Evolution of Isolated Radio Pulsars
• The Observed Offset Distribution of Gamma-Ray Bursts from Their Host Galaxies: A Robust Clue to the Nature of the Progenitors
• Binary and Millisecond Pulsars
• The Velocity Distribution of Isolated Radio Pulsars
• Quantum field theory in a magnetic field: From quantum chromodynamics to graphene and Dirac semimetals
• The Effects of Binary Evolution on the Dynamics of Core Collapse and Neutron-Star Kicks
• The effect of massive binaries on stellar populations and supernova progenitors
• Anomalous Axion Interactions and Topological Currents in Dense Matter
• Merging black hole binaries in galactic nuclei: implications for advanced-LIGO detections
• Sterile neutrinos: the dark side of the light fermions
• On the origin of the O and B-type stars with high velocities II Runaway stars and pulsars ejected from the nearby young stellar groups
• Multidimensional Supernova Simulations with Approximative Neutrino Transport I. Neutron Star Kicks and the Anisotropy of Neutrino-Driven Explosions in Two Spatial Dimensions
• On the formation and evolution of black-hole binaries
• Neutron Star Population Dynamics.II: 3D Space Velocities of Young Pulsars
• On the formation history of Galactic double neutron stars
• Why pulsars rotate and move: kicks at birth
• Pulsar Jets: Implications for Neutron Star Kicks and Initial Spins
• The early evolution of Globular Clusters: the case of NGC 2808
• Pulsar Recoil by Large-Scale Anisotropies in Supernova Explosions
• Hubble Space Telescope Evidence for an Intermediate-Mass Black Hole in the Globular Cluster M15: II. Kinematical Analysis and Dynamical Modeling
• A Complete N-body Model of the Old Open Cluster M67
• Spin-Orbit Misalignment in Close Binaries with Two Compact Objects
• Investigating stellar-mass black hole kicks
• The observed velocity distribution of young pulsars
• The Spatial Distribution of Coalescing Neutron Star Binaries: Implications for Gamma-Ray Bursts
• A New Class of High-Mass X-ray Binaries: Implications for Core Collapse and Neutron-Star Recoil
• Compact Binaries in Star Clusters I - Black Hole Binaries Inside Globular Clusters
• Multidimensional supernova simulations with approximative neutrino transport. II. Convection and the advective-acoustic cycle in the supernova core
• Pulsar kicks from a dark-matter sterile neutrino
• Stellar-mass black holes in young massive and open stellar clusters and their role in gravitational-wave generation
• A Comprehensive Study of Neutron Star Retention in Globular Clusters
• Radio emission from Supernova Remnants
• The Galactic Population of Low- and Intermediate-Mass X-ray Binaries
• The origin of runaway stars
• Gravitational Wave Astronomy: in Anticipation of First Sources to be Detected
• On the Formation of Multiple Stellar Populations in Globular Clusters
• Natal Kicks of Stellar-Mass Black Holes by Asymmetric Mass Ejection in Fallback Supernovae
• Isolated Neutron Stars: Accretors and Coolers
• Binary and Millisecond Pulsars
• Probing the Spacetime Around Sgr A* with Radio Pulsars
• Microarcsecond VLBI pulsar astrometry with PSR$\pi$ II. parallax distances for 57 pulsars
• The dynamical M/L-profile and distance of the globular cluster M15
• X-Rays from Isolated Black Holes in the Milky Way
• Simple recipes for compact remnant masses and natal kicks
• VLT spectroscopy of GRB 990510 and GRB 990712; probing the faint and bright end of the GRB host galaxy population
• A High Braking Index for a Pulsar
• Neutron Star Kicks in Isolated and Binary Pulsars: Observational Constraints and Implications for Kick Mechanisms
• GRB 060505: A possible short-duration gamma-ray burst in a star forming region at redshift of 0.09
• Populating the Galaxy with low-mass X-ray binaries
• Compact Binaries Ejected from Globular Clusters as GW Sources
• Shattering Flares During Close Encounters of Neutron Stars
• A Search for Optical Afterglow from GRB970828
• The Orbit of X Per and Its Neutron Star Companion
• Millisecond Pulsar Velocities
• On the TeV Halo Fraction in gamma-ray bright Pulsar Wind Nebulae
• Revising natal kick prescriptions in population synthesis simulations
• Relativistic MHD simulations of pulsar bow-shock nebulae
• Neutrino Transport in Strongly Magnetized Proto-Neutron Stars and the Origin of Pulsar Kicks: The Effect of Asymmetric Magnetic Field Topology
• An evolutionary model for pulsar-driven supernova remnants
• The Galactic distribution of X-ray binaries and its implications for compact object formation and natal kicks
• Monte Carlo Simulations of Globular Cluster Evolution. V. Binary Stellar Evolution
• The detection rate of Inspiral and Quasi-normal modes of Pop III binary black holes which can confirm or refute the General Relativity in the strong gravity region
• Hydrodynamical Neutron-star Kicks in Electron-capture Supernovae and Implications for the CRAB Supernova
• Chandra Observations of G11.2-0.3: Implications for Pulsar Ages
• Proper-Motion Measurements with the VLA. II. Observations of Twenty-eight Pulsars
• Galactic neutron stars I. Space and velocity distributions in the disk and in the halo
• Neutron Star Kicks and their Relationship to Supernovae Ejecta Mass
• Gravitational Radiation from Intermediate-Mass Black Holes
• Be X-ray binaries in the SMC as indicators of mass transfer efficiency
• Neutrino-Nucleon Interactions in Magnetized Neutron-Star Matter: The Effects of Parity Violation
• Double-core evolution and the formation of neutron-star binaries with compact companions
• Normal ground state of dense relativistic matter in a magnetic field
• On the Population of Wind-Accreting Neutron Stars in the Galaxy
• Black Hole Spin-Orbit Misalignment in Galactic X-ray Binaries
• Galactic populations of radio and gamma-ray pulsars in the polar cap model
• The Pulsar Contribution to the Gamma-Ray Background
• The Hydrodynamic Origin of Neutron Star Kicks
• Bondi Accretion and the Problem of the Missing Isolated Neutron Stars
• Interaction of High-Velocity Pulsars with Supernova Remnant Shells
• Pulsar kicks from neutrino oscillations
• The Galactic Bulge Survey: outline and X-ray observations
• Implications for the origin of short gamma-ray bursts from their observed positions around their host galaxies
• Identifying birth places of young isolated neutron stars
• Can Parity Violation in Neutrino Transport Lead to Pulsar Kicks?
• An X-ray Search for Compact Central Sources in Supernova Remnants I: SNRs G093.3+6.9, G315.4-2.3, G084.2+0.8, & G127.1+0.5
• Theoretical Support for the Hydrodynamic Mechanism of Pulsar Kicks
• The White Dwarf Deficit in Open Clusters: Dynamical Processes
• Topological Currents in Neutron Stars: Kicks, Precession, Toroidal Fields, and Magnetic Helicity
• The role of beam geometry in population statistics and pulse profiles of radio and gamma-ray pulsars
• The Outbursts and Orbit of the Accreting Pulsar GS 1843-02 = 2S 1845-024
• The binary pulsar PSR J1811-1736: evidence of a low amplitude supernova kick
• Binary and Millisecond Pulsars at the New Millennium
• A deep survey of short GRB host galaxies over $z\sim 0-2$: implications for offsets, redshifts, and environments
• Modelling Neutron Star-Black Hole Binaries: Future Pulsar Surveys and Gravitational Wave Detectors
• Preparing the next gravitational million-body simulations: Evolution of single and binary stars in Nbody6++GPU, MOCCA and McLuster
• The influence of binaries on galactic chemical evolution
• Hypervelocity runaways from the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Fast radio bursts from activities of neutron stars newborn in BNS mergers: offset, birth rate and observational properties
• Compact Binaries in Star Clusters II - Escapers and Detection Rates
• Relativistic Binary Pulsars with Black-Hole Companions
• Donor Stars in Black-Hole X-Ray Binaries
• The formation of the eccentric-orbit millisecond pulsar J1903+0327 and the origin of single millisecond pulsars
• On the kinematics of a runaway Be star population
• Triage of the Gaia DR3 astrometric orbits. I. A sample of binaries with probable compact companions
• Modelling Double Neutron Stars: Radio and Gravitational Waves
• The origin of RXJ1856.5-3754 and RXJ0720.4-3125 -- updated using new parallax measurements
• Discovery of an OB Runaway Star Inside SNR S147
• The Neutron Stars Census
• Interpreting Short Gamma Ray Burst Progenitor Kicks and Time Delays Using the Host Galaxy-Dark Matter Halo Connection
• Chiral asymmetry of the Fermi surface in dense relativistic matter in a magnetic field
• Population Synthesis for Symbiotic X-ray Binaries
• The spin period - eccentricity relation of double neutron stars: evidence for weak supernova kicks?
• Formation of an evanescent proto-neutron star binary and the origin of pulsar kicks
• Formation and Evolution of Binary Neutron Stars: Mergers and Their Host Galaxies
• What if pulsars are born as strange stars?
• Supernova Kicks and Misaligned Be Star Binaries
• Simulation of a population of isolated neutron stars evolving through the emission of gravitational waves
• The violent past of Cygnus X-2
• Quiescent and active galactic nuclei as factories of merging compact objects in the era of gravitational-wave astronomy
• On the formation of compact, massive sub-systems in stellar clusters and its relation with intermediate mass black holes
• Constraints on the circumburst environments of short gamma-ray bursts
• Can precessing jets explain the light curves of Gamma-ray Bursts?
• Log N -- Log S distributions of accreting and cooling isolated neutron stars
• Stellar Escape from Globular Clusters. I. Escape Mechanisms and Properties at Ejection
• Timing measurements and proper motions of 74 pulsars using the Nanshan radio telescope
• Double neutron star mergers from hierarchical triple-star systems
• A 2.3-Day Periodic Variability in the Apparently Single Wolf-Rayet Star WR 134: Collapsed Companion or Rotational Modulation?
• Population Synthesis of Pulsars: Magnetic Field Effects
• Pulsational Analysis of the Cores of Massive Stars and its Relevance to Pulsar Kicks
• A Limit on the Number of Isolated Neutron Stars Detected in the ROSAT Bright Source Catalog
• Millisecond pulsar origin of the Galactic center excess and extended gamma-ray emission from Andromeda - a closer look
• The formation of the black hole in the X-ray binary system V404 Cyg
• Millisecond Pulsar Ages: Implications of Binary Evolution and a Maximum Spin Limit
• Faraday Rotation Measure Variations of Repeating Fast Radio Burst Sources
• Pulsar Kicks Induced by Spin Flavor Oscillations of Neutrinos in Gravitational Fields
• Propagation of Magnetized Neutron Stars Through the Interstellar Medium
• Supernova Kicks, Magnetic Braking, and Neutron-Star Binaries
• Populating the Galaxy with pulsars -- II. Galactic dynamics
• Delayed pulsar kicks from the emission of sterile neutrinos
• The 69 ms Radio Pulsar Near the Supernova Remnant RCW 103
• Distribution of compact object mergers around galaxies
• The Initial Mass Function of the Inner Galaxy Measured From OGLE-III Microlensing Timescales
• Neutron Star-Black Hole Mergers from Gravitational Wave Captures
• The elusiveness of old neutron stars
• Formation of the binary pulsars J1141-6545 and B2023+46
• Bondi-Hoyle-Lyttleton Accretion Model for Low-luminosity X-ray Sources in Globular Clusters
• Parity Violation in Neutrino Transport and the Origin of Pulsar Kicks
• Self-Enrichment in Globular Clusters: Is There a Role for the Super-Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars?
• On the Existence of Pulsars in the Vicinity of the Massive Black Hole in the Galactic Center
• Formation of hot subdwarf B stars with neutron star components
• A deep search for pulsar wind nebulae using pulsar gating
• Neutron stars from young nearby associations the origin of RXJ1605.3+3249
• A Novel Mechanism for Type-I Superconductivity in Neutron Stars
• Evidence from high mass X-ray binaries that Galactic WR components of WR+O binaries end their life with a supernova explosion
• Stellar-Mass Black Holes in the Solar Neighborhood
• Radio pulsars around intermediate mass black holes in super stellar clusters
• Completely dark galaxies: their existence, properties, and strategies for finding them
• The globular cluster mass/low mass X-ray binary correlation:implications for kick velocity distributions from supernovae
• Neutron star natal kicks and the long-term survival of star clusters
• Fokker-Planck Models for M15 without a Central Black Hole: The Role of the Mass Function
• Stars on the run: escaping from stellar clusters
• Gravitational Waves from a Pulsar Kick Caused by Neutrino Conversions
• The gravitational-wave signal generated by a galactic population of double neutron-star binaries
• Halo Retention and Evolution of Coalescing Compact Binaries in Cosmological Simulations of Structure Formation: Implications for Short Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Constraints to neutron-star kicks in High-Mass X-ray Binaries with Gaia EDR3
• Pulsar motions in our Galaxy
• Population synthesis on high-mass X-ray binaries: prospects and constraints from the universal X-ray luminosity function
• A source of high-velocity white dwarfs
• What binary systems are the most likely sources for periodically repeating FRBs?
• A population synthesis study on the faint X-ray sources in the Galactic center region
• Monte Carlo population synthesis on massive star binaries: Astrophysical implications for gravitational wave sources
• The Kick Velocity Distribution of Isolated Neutron Stars
• Scenario Machine: fast radio bursts, short gamma-ray burst, dark energy and Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory silence
• The Lifetimes of Star Clusters Born with a Top-heavy IMF
• How is Binary Radio-Pulsars with Black Holes Population Rich?
• Spatial distribution of luminous X-ray binaries in spiral galaxies
• Is there a Size Difference between Red and Blue Globular Clusters?
• The black hole retention fraction in star clusters
• The Gravitational Wave Signature of Core-Collapse Supernovae
• Neutron Star Physics in the Square Kilometer Array Era : An Indian Perspective
• Multiwavelength properties of a new Geminga-like pulsar: PSR J2021+4026
• Nova Sco and coalescing low mass black hole binaries as LIGO sources
• Lecture notes on black hole binary astrophysics
• Diffuse Ultra-High-Energy Gamma-Ray Emission From TeV Halos
• Further studies of 1E 1740.7-2942 with ASCA
• Kinematic study of the association Cyg OB3 with Gaia DR2
• Population Synthesis of Millisecond X-ray Pulsars
• Towards Multiple-Star Population Synthesis
• The Galactic Underworld: The spatial distribution of compact remnants
• Neutrino opacity in magnetised hot and dense nuclear matter
• Magnetically Accreting Isolated Old Neutron Stars
• On the displacement of X-ray binaries from star clusters in star-burst galaxies
• On the Impact of Neutron Star Binaries Natal-Kick Distribution on the Galactic r-process Enrichment
• Dynamical Monte Carlo Simulations of 3-D Galactic Systems in Axisymmetric and Triaxial Potentials
• On the frequency and remnants of Hypernovae
• He star evolutionary channel to intermediate-mass binary pulsar PSR J1802-2124
• Period distribution of old accreting isolated neutron stars
• Effects of CPT and Lorentz Invariance Violation on Pulsar Kicks
• Inverse Compton emission from millisecond pulsars in the Galactic bulge
• Gravitational-wave radiation from double compact objects with eLISA in the Galaxy
• The origin of single radio pulsars
• Deceleration of kicked objects due to the Galactic potential
• Kinematic constraints on the ages and kick velocities of Galactic neutron star binaries
• Pulsar Kicks With Modified URCA and Electrons in Landau Levels
• Analyzing the Galactic pulsar distribution with machine learning
• Modelling stellar evolution in mass-transferring binaries and gravitational-wave progenitors with METISSE
• Pulsar acceleration by asymmetric emission of sterile neutrinos
• Pulsar Kicks from Majoron Emission
• Asymmetric neutrino emission due to neutrino-nucleon scatterings in supernova magnetic fields
• Where do the Progenitors of Millisecond Pulsars come from?
• The Early Evolution of Star Clusters in Compressive and Extensive Tidal Fields
• Microlensing Neutron Stars
• Detecting sterile dark matter in space
• Magnetorotational neutron star kicks
• Primordial mass segregation of star clusters with primordial binaries
• Pulsar's kicks and Gamma-ray bursts
• Surprises in relativistic matter in a magnetic field
• Large Mixing Angle Sterile Neutrinos and Pulsar Velocities
• Black Holes merging with Low Mass Gap Objects inside Globular Clusters
• TRAPUM search for pulsars in supernova remnants and pulsar wind nebulae -- I. Survey description and initial discoveries
• Binary Natal Kicks in the Galactic Center: X-ray Binaries, Hypervelocity Stars, and Gravitational Waves
• The possible existence of Pop III NS-BH binary and its detectability
• Fast radio burst repeaters produced via Kozai-Lidov feeding of neutron stars in binary systems
• Binary Population Synthesis: Low- and Intermediate-Mass X-Ray Binaries
• Local Pulsars; A note on the Birth-Velocity Distribution
• On the dynamical evolution of Cepheid multiplicity in star clusters and its implications for B-star multiplicity at birth
• A kinematically constrained kick distribution for isolated neutron stars
• Revisiting Pulsar Velocities Using Gaia Data Release 2
• Physics of Neutron Star Kicks
• Constraints on ultra-low-frequency gravitational waves with statistics of pulsar spin-down rates
• Simulating Kilonovae in the ΛCDM Universe
• An axisymmetric shock breakout indicated by prompt polarized emission from the type II supernova 2024ggi
• MeerKAT caught a Mini Mouse: serendipitous detection of a young radio pulsar escaping its birth sit
• Hunting isolated neutron stars with proper motions from wide-area optical surveys
• Sterile Neutrinos and Pulsar Velocities Revisited,
• Distances of Galactic Radio Pulsars; First Quadrant: $-2^{\circ }<\ell <90^{\circ }$ and $-2^{\circ }<b<2^{\circ }$
• On the Formation of SMC X-1: the Effect of Mass and Orbital Angular Momentum Loss
• Color-charged Quark Matter in Astrophysics?
• Neutrino induced vorticity, Alfven waves and the normal modes
• On Isolated Millisecond Pulsars Formed by the Coalescence of Neutron Stars and Massive White Dwarfs
• Close encounters with the Death Star: Interactions between collapsed bodies and the Solar System
• Origin of High Dark Remnant Fractions in Milky Way Globular Clusters: The Crucial Role of Initial Black Hole Retention
• Effect of dynamical interactions on integrated properties of globular clusters
• Constraints on Population I/II neutron star-black hole binary formation by gravitational wave and radio observations
• On Neutron Star Natal Kicks in High-Mass X-Ray Binaries: Insights from Population Synthesis
• Microlensing pulsars
• The In Situ Growth of Stellar-mass "Light" Seed Black Holes in Nuclear Star Clusters
• Possible astrophysical clues of dark matter
• Relativistic Binary Merging Rates
• Kinematics of Radio Pulsars
• Characterizing Pulsar Distances Using HI Kinematics
• Magnetorotational Instabilities and Pulsar Kick Velocities
• The contribution to Galactic Centre γ-ray excess from cluster-born millisecond pulsars. Constraints from direct N-body simulations
• Neutron Star Birth Rates