No velocity-kicks are required to explain large-distance offsets of Ca-rich supernovae and short-GRBs

Abstract

The environments of explosive transients link their progenitors to the underlying stellar population, providing critical clues for their origins. However, some Ca-rich supernovae (SNe) and short gamma ray burst (sGRBs) appear to be located at remote locations, far from the stellar population of their host galaxy, challenging our understanding of their origin and/or physical evolution. These findings instigated models suggesting that either large velocity kicks were imparted to their progenitors, allowing them to propagate to large distances and attain their remote locations; or that they formed in dense globular clusters residing in the halos. Here we show that instead, the large spatial-offsets of these transients are naturally explained by the observations of highly extended underlying stellar populations in (mostly early type) galaxy halos, typically missed since they can only be identified through ultra-deep/stacked images. Consequently, no large velocity kicks, nor halo globular cluster environments are required in order to explain the origin of these transients. These findings support thermonuclear explosions on white-dwarfs, for the origins of Ca-rich SNe progenitors, and no/small-natal-kicks given to sGRB progenitors. Since early-type galaxies contain older stellar populations, transient arising from older stellar populations would have larger fractions of early-type galaxy hosts, and consequently larger fractions of transients at large offsets. This is verified by our results for sGRBs and Ca-rich SNe showing different offset distributions in early vs. late-type galaxies. Furthermore, once divided between early and late type galaxies, the offsets' distributions of the different transients are consistent with each other. Finally, we point out that studies of other transients' offset distribution (e.g. Ia-SNe or FRBs) should similarly consider the host galaxy-type.

Comments are welcome

References in corpus (24)

• Multi-messenger Observations of a Binary Neutron Star Merger
• galpy: A Python Library for Galactic Dynamics
• Tests of general relativity from timing the double pulsar
• Formation of Double Neutron Star Systems
• A fast radio burst localised to a massive galaxy
• Parametrizing the Stellar Haloes of Galaxies
• The Electromagnetic Counterpart of the Binary Neutron Star Merger LIGO/VIRGO GW170817. VIII. A Comparison to Cosmological Short-duration Gamma-ray Bursts
• The Zwicky Transient Facility Census of the Local Universe I: Systematic search for Calcium rich gap transients reveal three related spectroscopic sub-classes
• The Broad-band Counterpart of the Short GRB 200522A at $z=0.5536$: A Luminous Kilonova or a Collimated Outflow with a Reverse Shock?
• Natal Kicks and Time Delays in Merging Neutron Star Binaries - Implications for r-process nucleosynthesis in Ultra Faint Dwarfs and in the Milky Way
• Two New Calcium-Rich Gap Transients in Group and Cluster Environments
• Intragroup diffuse light in compact groups of galaxies II. HCG 15, 35 and 51
• SN 2019ehk: A Double-Peaked Ca-rich Transient with Luminous X-ray Emission and Shock-Ionized Spectral Features
• The progenitors of calcium-rich transients are not formed in situ
• Calcium-Rich Gap Transients: Tidal Detonations of White Dwarfs?
• A tale of two mergers: constraints on kilonova detection in two short GRBs at z$\sim$0.5
• One-dimensional non-LTE time-dependent radiative transfer of an He-detonation model and the connection to faint and fast-decaying supernovae
• iPTF15eqv: Multi-wavelength Exposé of a Peculiar Calcium-rich Transient
• Discovery of the optical afterglow and host galaxy of short GRB181123B at $z=1.754$: Implications for Delay Time Distributions
• The peculiar Ca-rich SN 2019ehk: Evidence for a Type IIb core-collapse supernova from a low mass stripped progenitor
• The distant, galaxy cluster environment of the short GRB 161104A at $z\sim 0.8$ and a comparison to the short GRB host population
• Late-time Observations of Calcium-Rich Transient SN 2019ehk Reveal a Pure Radioactive Decay Power Source
• Normal type Ia supernovae from disruptions of hybrid He-CO white-dwarfs by CO white-dwarfs
• Origin of the Galactic 511 keV emission from positrons produced in irregular supernovae

Cited by in corpus (19)

• The Science of the Einstein Telescope
• A deep survey of short GRB host galaxies over $z\sim 0-2$: implications for offsets, redshifts, and environments
• Transients from ONe White-Dwarf - Neutron-Star/Black-Hole Mergers
• The Circumstellar Environments of Double-Peaked, Calcium-strong Supernovae 2021gno and 2021inl
• The origins of Calcium-rich supernovae from disruptions of CO white-dwarfs by hybrid He-CO white-dwarfs
• Evidence for r-process delay in very metal-poor stars
• Inhomogeneous enrichment of radioactive nuclei in the Galaxy: Deposition of live Mn-53, Fe-60, Hf-182, and Pu-244 into deep-sea archives. Surfing the wave?
• The Galactic neutron star population I - an extragalactic view of the Milky Way and the implications for fast radio bursts
• Kinematic constraints on the ages and kick velocities of Galactic neutron star binaries
• Spatially Resolved X-ray Study of Supernova Remnant G306.3$-$0.9 with Unusually High Calcium Abundance
• Physical Properties of the Host Galaxies of Ca-rich Transients
• R-process Rain from Binary Neutron Star Mergers in the Galactic Halo
• Searching for ejected supernova companions in the era of precise proper motion and radial velocity measurements
• Natal kicks of compact objects
• The $\gamma$-ray deposition histories of Calcium-rich supernovae
• Binary neutron star merger offsets from their host galaxies II. Short-duration gamma-ray bursts
• Characterizing the host galaxies and delay times of Ca-rich gap transients vs 91bg-like SNe and normal Type Ia SNe
• Host galaxies and electromagnetic counterparts to binary neutron star mergers across the cosmic time: Detectability of GW170817-like events
• Gamma-Ray Bursts, Supernovae Ia and Baryon Acoustic Oscillations: a binned cosmological analysis