iPTF 16hgs: A double-peaked Ca-rich gap transient in a metal poor, star forming dwarf galaxy

Abstract

Calcium rich gap transients represent an intriguing new class of faint and fast evolving supernovae that exhibit strong [Ca II] emission in their nebular phase spectra. In this paper, we present the discovery and follow-up observations of iPTF 16hgs -- an intermediate luminosity and fast evolving transient that exhibited a double peaked light curve. Exhibiting a typical Type Ib spectrum in the photospheric phase and an early transition to a [Ca II] dominated nebular phase, we show that iPTF 16hgs shows properties consistent with the class of Ca-rich gap transients, with two interesting exceptions. First, while the second peak of the light curve is similar to other Ca-rich gap transients (suggesting $M_{ej}$ of 0.4 M${}_{\odot }$ and peak luminosity of $3\times 10^{41}$ ergs s${}^{-1}$), we show that the first blue and fast declining (over $2$ days) peak is unique to this source. Second, with Integral Field Unit observations of the host galaxy, we find that iPTF 16hgs occurred in the outskirts (projected offset of $6$ kpc $=1.9R_{eff}$) of a low metallicity (0.4 Z${}_{\odot }$), star forming, dwarf spiral galaxy. Using deep late-time VLA and uGMRT observations, we place stringent limits on the local environment of the source, ruling out a large parameter space of circumstellar densities and mass loss environments of the progenitor. If iPTF 16hgs shares explosion physics with the class of Ca-rich gap transients, the presence of the first peak can be explained by enhanced mixing of 0.01 M${}_{\odot }$ of ${}^{56}$Ni into the outer layers the ejecta, reminiscent of some models of He-shell detonations on WDs. On the other hand, if iPTF 16hgs is physically unrelated to the class, the first peak is consistent with shock cooling emission (of an envelope with a mass of 0.08 M${}_{\odot }$ and radius of 13 R${}_{\odot }$) associated with a core-collapse explosion of a highly stripped massive star in a close binary system.

arXiv comment37 pages, 21 Figures. Submitted to ApJ

References in corpus (122)

• Stellar population synthesis at the resolution of 2003
• The chemical composition of the Sun
• Seven-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Cosmological Interpretation
• The Astropy Project: Building an inclusive, open-science project and status of the v2.0 core package
• Measuring Reddening with SDSS Stellar Spectra and Recalibrating SFD
• Star Formation in Galaxies Along the Hubble Sequence
• Starburst99: Synthesis Models for Galaxies with Active Star Formation
• The Swift X-ray Telescope
• The Swift Ultra-Violet/Optical Telescope
• Evolutionary population synthesis: models, analysis of the ingredients and application to high-z galaxies
• [O III]/[N II] as an Abundance Indicator at High Redshift
• Metallicity Calibrations and the Mass-Metallicity Relation for Star-Forming Galaxies
• Progenitors of core-collapse supernovae
• Using Strong Lines to Estimate Abundances in Extragalactic HII Regions and Starburst Galaxies
• The Palomar Transient Factory: System Overview, Performance and First Results
• Core-Collapse Supernovae from 9 to 120 Solar Masses Based on Neutrino-powered Explosions
• An ultra-deep near-infrared spectrum of a compact quiescent galaxy at z=2.2
• Pre-Supernova Evolution of Massive Single and Binary Stars
• WISeREP - An Interactive Supernova Data Repository
• Exploring the Optical Transient Sky with the Palomar Transient Factory
• Nucleosynthesis and Remnants in Massive Stars of Solar Metallicity
• The O3N2 and N2 abundance indicators revisited: improved calibrations based on CALIFA and Te-based literature data
• Explosions of O-Ne-Mg Cores, the Crab Supernova, and Subluminous Type II-P Supernovae
• The Expulsion of Stellar Envelopes in Core-Collapse Supernovae
• The Effects of Binary Evolution on the Dynamics of Core Collapse and Neutron-Star Kicks
• An ultraviolet-optical flare from the tidal disruption of a helium-rich stellar core
• Double-detonation sub-Chandrasekhar supernovae: can minimum helium shell masses detonate the core?
• Type Ib/c supernovae in binary systems I. Evolution and properties of the progenitor stars
• The First Systematic Study of Type Ibc Supernova Multi-band Light Curves
• Seeing the Collision of a Supernova with its Companion Star
• Faint Thermonuclear Supernovae from AM Canum Venaticorum Binaries
• Confined Dense Circumstellar Material Surrounding a Regular Type II Supernova: The Unique Flash-Spectroscopy Event of SN 2013fs
• A Wolf-Rayet-like progenitor of supernova SN 2013cu from spectral observations of a wind
• A faint type of supernova from a white dwarf with a helium-rich companion
• Bolometric light curves and explosion parameters of 38 stripped-envelope core-collapse supernovae
• The Locations of Short Gamma-ray Bursts as Evidence for Compact Object Binary Progenitors
• The Remarkable Deaths of 9 - 11 Solar Mass Stars
• Double-detonation sub-Chandrasekhar supernovae: synthetic observables for minimum helium shell mass models
• Chemical abundances in high-redshift galaxies: A powerful new emission line diagnostic
• The Automated Palomar 60-Inch Telescope
• Tidal disruption and ignition of white dwarfs by moderately massive black holes
• The Arcminute Microkelvin Imager
• Discovery, Progenitor & Early Evolution of a Stripped Envelope Supernova iPTF13bvn
• On the nature of supernovae Ib and Ic
• Calcium-rich gap transients in the remote outskirts of galaxies
• Ultra-stripped Type Ic supernovae from close binary evolution
• Strong Ultraviolet Pulse From a Newborn Type Ia Supernova
• PTF12os and iPTF13bvn. Two stripped-envelope supernovae from low-mass progenitors in NGC 5806
• The Carnegie Supernova Project I: analysis of stripped-envelope supernova light curves
• Thermonuclear .Ia Supernovae from Helium Shell Detonations: Explosion Models and Observables
• Off-Axis Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglow Modeling Based On A Two-Dimensional Axisymmetric Hydrodynamics Simulation
• How much H and He is "hidden" in SNe Ib/c? I. - low-mass objects
• A new method for estimating the bolometric properties of Ibc SNe
• Interacting Supernovae: Types IIn and Ibn
• Revisiting optical tidal disruption events with iPTF16axa
• Observational and Physical Classification of Supernovae
• 2D simulations of the double-detonation model for thermonuclear transients from low-mass carbon-oxygen white dwarfs
• Supernovae with Two Peaks in the Optical Light Curve and the Signature of Progenitors with Low-mass Extended Envelopes
• The Palomar Transient Factory photometric calibration
• SN 2009jf: a slow-evolving stripped-envelope core-collapse supernova
• Early Blue Excess from the Type Ia Supernova 2017cbv and Implications for Its Progenitor
• The Radio Evolution of the Ordinary Type Ic SN 2002ap
• Helium Shell Detonations on Low Mass White Dwarfs as a Possible Explanation for SN 2005E
• A Spectroscopic Study of Type Ibc Supernova Host Galaxies from Untargeted Surveys
• Exploring the Potential Diversity of Early Type Ia Supernova Light Curves
• IGM Emission Observations with the Cosmic Web Imager: I. The Circum-QSO Medium of QSO 1549+19, and Evidence for a Filamentary Gas Inflow
• A Deep Search for Prompt Radio Emission from Thermonuclear Supernovae with the Very Large Array
• Nuclear-dominated accretion and subluminous supernovae from the merger of a white dwarf with a neutron star or black hole
• Nearby supernova host galaxies from the CALIFA Survey: I. Sample, data analysis, and correlation to star-forming regions
• Optical Thermonuclear Transients From Tidal Compression of White Dwarfs as Tracers of the Low End of the Massive Black Hole Mass Function
• Illuminating Massive Black Holes With White Dwarfs: Orbital Dynamics and High Energy Transients from Tidal Interactions
• The IPAC Image Subtraction and Discovery Pipeline for the intermediate Palomar Transient Factory
• The Radio and X-ray Luminous Type Ibc Supernova 2003L
• Neutrino-driven explosions of ultra-stripped type Ic supernovae generating binary neutron stars
• UV/Optical emission from the expanding envelopes of type II supernovae
• A massive star origin for an unusual helium-rich supernova in an elliptical galaxy
• Light-curve and spectral properties of ultra-stripped core-collapse supernovae leading to binary neutron stars
• A Digital Correlator Upgrade for the Arcminute MicroKelvin Imager
• Atypical Thermonuclear Supernovae from Tidally Crushed White Dwarfs
• Constraints on core-collapse supernova progenitors from explosion site integral field spectroscopy
• Time dependent models of accretion disks with nuclear burning following the tidal disruption of a white dwarf by a neutron star
• The Double-Peaked SN2013ge: a Type Ib/c SN with an Asymmetric Mass Ejection or an Extended Progenitor Envelope
• Hot gas around SN 1998bw: Inferring the progenitor from its environment
• Disk Winds as an Explanation for Slowly Evolving Temperatures in Tidal Disruption Events
• Electron-capture supernovae as origin of 48Ca
• The peculiar Type Ia supernova iPTF14atg: Chandrasekhar-mass explosion or violent merger?
• Two New Calcium-Rich Gap Transients in Group and Cluster Environments
• Environment-derived constraints on the progenitors of low-luminosity type I supernovae
• Constraints on the Progenitor of SN 2016gkg From Its Shock-Cooling Light Curve
• The Subluminous and Peculiar Type Ia Supernova PTF09dav
• Radio and X-ray Observations of the Type Ic SN 2007gr Reveal an Ordinary, Non-relativistic Explosion
• On the association between core-collapse supernovae and HII regions
• PESSTO monitoring of SN 2012hn: further heterogeneity among faint type I supernovae
• Kinematics and Host-Galaxy Properties Suggest a Nuclear Origin for Calcium-Rich Supernova Progenitors
• SN 2007bg: The Complex Circumstellar Environment Around One of the Most Radio-Luminous Broad-Lined Type Ic Supernovae
• IPAC Image Processing and Data Archiving for the Palomar Transient Factory
• iPTF15dtg: a double-peaked Type Ic Supernova from a massive progenitor
• The progenitors of calcium-rich transients are not formed in situ
• The unblinking eye on the sky
• Intermediate Palomar Transient Factory: Realtime Image Subtraction Pipeline
• Early UV/Optical Emission of The Type Ib SN 2008D
• Rapidly evolving faint transients from stripped-envelope electron-capture supernovae
• Calcium-Rich Gap Transients: Tidal Detonations of White Dwarfs?
• The peculiar mass-loss history of SN 2014C as revealed through AMI radio observations
• One-dimensional non-LTE time-dependent radiative transfer of an He-detonation model and the connection to faint and fast-decaying supernovae
• Conditions For Successful Helium Detonations In Astrophysical Environments
• The old environment of the faint calcium-rich supernova SN 2005cz
• iPTF15eqv: Multi-wavelength Exposé of a Peculiar Calcium-rich Transient
• Monte Carlo Method for Calculating Oxygen Abundances and Their Uncertainties from Strong-Line Flux Measurements
• Locations of Peculiar Supernovae as a Diagnostic of Their Origins
• Calcium-rich Gap Transients: Solving the Calcium Conundrum in the Intracluster Medium
• Hubble Space Telescope observations of the host galaxies and environments of calcium-rich supernovae
• OGLE-2013-SN-079: a lonely supernova consistent with a helium shell detonation
• The volumetric rate of calcium-rich transients in the local universe
• Radio Emission from SN 1994I in NGC 5194 (M 51) - The Best Studied Type Ib/c Radio Supernova
• Explosive nucleosynthesis of ultra-stripped Type Ic supernovae: application to light trans-iron elements
• Ultraviolet Spectroscopy of Type IIb Supernovae: Diversity and the Impact of Circumstellar Material
• Follow-up observations at 16 and 33 GHz of extragalactic sources from WMAP 3-year data: I - Spectral properties
• Real-Time Recovery Efficiencies and Performance of the Palomar Transient Factory's Transient Discovery Pipeline
• Numerically Modeling the First Peak of the Type IIb SN 2016gkg
• Unresolved versus resolved: testing the validity of young simple stellar population models with VLT/MUSE observations of NGC 3603
• Detailed Radio View on Two Stellar Explosions and Their Host Galaxy: XRF080109/SN2008D and SN2007uy in NGC2770

Cited by in corpus (33)

• The Zwicky Transient Facility: Science Objectives
• Modeling Dense Star Clusters in the Milky Way and Beyond with the $\text{CMC}$ Cluster Catalog
• Observational Properties of Thermonuclear Supernovae
• The Zwicky Transient Facility Census of the Local Universe I: Systematic search for Calcium rich gap transients reveal three related spectroscopic sub-classes
• The Type Icn SN 2021csp: Implications for the Origins of the Fastest Supernovae and the Fates of Wolf-Rayet Stars
• Shock Cooling Emission from Extended Material Revisited
• SN 2019ehk: A Double-Peaked Ca-rich Transient with Luminous X-ray Emission and Shock-Ionized Spectral Features
• SN2019dge: a Helium-rich Ultra-Stripped Envelope Supernova
• The Progenitors of Calcium-Strong Transients
• SN 2016iet: The Pulsational or Pair Instability Explosion of a Low Metallicity Massive CO Core Embedded in a Dense Hydrogen-Poor Circumstellar Medium
• Ca hnk: Calcium-rich Transient SN 2016hnk from the Helium Shell Detonation of a Sub-Chandrasekhar White Dwarf
• Stripped-envelope core-collapse supernova ${}^{56}$Ni masses: Persistently larger values than supernovae type II
• The Circumstellar Environments of Double-Peaked, Calcium-strong Supernovae 2021gno and 2021inl
• Wave-driven mass loss of stripped envelope massive stars: progenitor-dependence, mass ejection, and supernovae
• The origins of Calcium-rich supernovae from disruptions of CO white-dwarfs by hybrid He-CO white-dwarfs
• The peculiar Ca-rich SN 2019ehk: Evidence for a Type IIb core-collapse supernova from a low mass stripped progenitor
• No velocity-kicks are required to explain large-distance offsets of Ca-rich supernovae and short-GRBs
• The rise and fall of an extraordinary Ca-rich transient -- The discovery of ATLAS19dqr/SN 2019bkc
• White Dwarf Bounds on CHAMPs
• Oxygen and calcium nebular emission line relationships in core-collapse supernovae and Ca-rich transients
• Calcium-rich Transient SN 2019ehk in A Star-Forming Environment: Yet Another Candidate for An Ultra-Stripped Envelope Supernova
• Probing pre-supernova mass loss in double-peaked Type Ibc supernovae from the Zwicky Transient Facility
• Are stripped envelope supernovae really deficient in ${}^{56}$Ni?
• Physical Properties of the Host Galaxies of Ca-rich Transients
• The Carnegie Supernova Project-I. Optical spectroscopy of stripped-envelope supernovae
• Rapid Transients Originating from Thermonuclear Explosions in Helium White Dwarf Tidal Disruption Events
• SN 2023zaw: an ultra-stripped, nickel-poor supernova from a low-mass progenitor
• Fast and Not-so-Furious: Case Study of the Fast and Faint Type IIb SN 2021bxu
• AT2019wxt: An ultra-stripped supernova candidate discovered in electromagnetic follow-up of a gravitational wave trigger
• shock_cooling_curve: A Python-Based Package for Extensive and Efficient Modeling of Shock Cooling Emission in Supernovae
• Hydrodynamic Modelling of Early Peaks in Type Ibc Supernovae with Circumstellar Interaction
• Characterizing the host galaxies and delay times of Ca-rich gap transients vs 91bg-like SNe and normal Type Ia SNe
• An infrared echo from a circumstellar disk in the hydrogen- and helium-poor SN 2024aecx