Time-dependent force-free pulsar magnetospheres: axisymmetric and oblique rotators

Abstract

Magnetospheres of many astrophysical objects can be accurately described by the low-inertia (or "force-free") limit of MHD. We present a new numerical method for solution of equations of force-free relativistic MHD based on the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) approach with a prescription for handling spontaneous formation of current sheets. We use this method to study the time-dependent evolution of pulsar magnetospheres in both aligned and oblique magnetic geometries. For the aligned rotator we confirm the general properties of the time-independent solution of Contopoulos et al. (1999). For the oblique rotator we present the 3D structure of the magnetosphere and compute, for the first time, the spindown power of pulsars as a function of inclination of the magnetic axis. We find the pulsar spindown luminosity to be L = (mu^2 Omega^4/c^3) (1+ sin^2(alpha)) for a star with the dipole moment "mu", rotation frequency "Omega", and magnetic inclination angle "alpha". We also discuss the effects of current sheet resistivity and reconnection on the structure and evolution of the magnetosphere.

Submitted to ApJ Letters; version with higher resolution figures available at http://www.stanford.edu/~anatolys/FfreePulsars.pdf (900kb)

References in corpus (4)

• General Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations of Jet Formation and Large-Scale Propagation from Black Hole Accretion Systems
• Revised Pulsar Spindown
• General Relativistic Force-Free Electrodynamics: A New Code and Applications to Black Hole Magnetospheres
• Pulsar electrodynamics: a time-dependent view

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• Magneto-rotational neutron star evolution: the role of core vortex pinning
• Timing Noise in Pulsars and Magnetars and the Magnetospheric Moment of Inertia
• Energetics of ultrahigh-energy cosmic-ray nuclei
• Escape of High Energy Particles from Bow-Shock Pulsar Wind Nebulae
• Charm contribution to ultrahigh-energy neutrinos from newborn magnetars
• Mechanism of the X-ray and Soft Gamma-ray Emissions from High Magnetic Field Pulsar: PSR B1509-58
• Revisiting the dispersion measure of fast radio bursts associated with gamma-ray burst afterglows
• Population study for gamma-ray pulsars: (III) Radiation characteristics and viewing geometry
• Magnetic field structure of relativistic jets without current sheets
• Emission mechanism of GeV-quiet soft gamma-ray pulsars; A case for peculiar geometry?
• Pair-Starved Pulsar Magnetospheres
• Constraints on the steady and pulsed very high energy gamma-ray emission from observations of PSR B1951+32/CTB 80 with the MAGIC Telescope
• Modeling gamma-ray light curves with more realistic pulsar magnetospheres
• Time evolution of the X-ray and gamma-ray fluxes of the Crab pulsar
• The birth mass function of neutron stars
• Pulsar Outer-gap Electrodynamics: Hardening of Spectral Shape in the Trailing Peak in Gamma-ray Light Curve
• Altitude Limits for Rotating Vector Model Fitting of Pulsar Polarization
• The 2015 outburst of the accreting millisecond pulsar IGR J17511-3057 as seen by INTEGRAL, Swift and XMM-Newton
• Size of the Vela Pulsar's Emission Region at 18 cm Wavelength
• Interaction and ablation of fall-back disks in isolated neutron stars
• Stability of exact force-free electrodynamic solutions and scattering from spacetime curvature
• PSR J0737-3039B: A probe of radio pulsar emission heights
• Astrophysical jets from boosted compact objects
• The Vela Pulsar With an Active Fallback Disk
• Early Evolution of a Newborn Magnetar with Strong Precession Motion in GRB 180620A
• A broadband radio study of PSR J0250+5854: the slowest-spinning radio pulsar known
• Numerical Construction of Magnetosphere with Relativistic Two-fluid Plasma Flows
• On the 2018 outburst of the accreting millisecond X-ray pulsar Swift J1756.9-2508 as seen with NICER
• Differentially rotating force-free magnetosphere of an aligned rotator: analytical solutions in split-monopole approximation
• Are there two types of pulsars?
• Current closure through the neutron star crust
• Localization of binary neutron star mergers with a single Cosmic Explorer
• Understanding the coexistence of spin-up and spin-down behaviors in long period X-ray pulsars
• Pulsar Wind Nebulae Modeling
• A necessary condition for supernova fallback invading newborn neutron-star magnetosphere
• Middle aged $\gamma$-ray pulsar J1957+5033 in X-rays: pulsations, thermal emission and nebula
• Dead zone in the polar-cap accelerator of pulsars
• X-ray/GeV emissions from Crab-like pulsars in LMC
• A Tale of Two Current Sheets
• On Poynting-Flux-Driven Bubbles and Shocks Around Merging Neutron Star Binaries
• PSR J1840-1419: A very cool neutron star
• The Panchromatic Afterglow of GW170817: The full uniform dataset, modeling, comparison with previous results and implications
• What can PSR J1640-4631 tell us about the internal physics of this neutron star?
• A note on the cyclic evolution of the pulsar magnetosphere
• Progenitor neutron stars of the lightest and heaviest millisecond pulsars
• Solving the Pulsar Equation using Physics-Informed Neural Networks
• Modelling spin-up episodes in accreting millisecond X-ray pulsars
• Tackling Radio Polarization of Energetic Pulsars
• Isolated pulsar population synthesis with simulation-based inference
• The Equatorial Current Sheet and other interesting features of the Pulsar Magnetosphere
• High-Energy Photon Opacity in the Twisted Magnetospheres of Magnetars
• Stokes tomography of radio pulsar magnetospheres. II. Millisecond pulsars
• Radiation by the superluminally moving current sheet in the magnetosphere of a neutron star
• On the Global Structure of Pulsar Force-free Magnetosphere
• On magnetic fields of radio pulsars
• On the new braking index of PSR B0540-69: further support for magnetic field growth of neutron stars following submergence by fallback accretion
• Magnetar central engines in gamma-ray busts follow the universal relation of accreting magnetic stars
• Rotational asymmetry of pulsar profiles
• Continuous gravitational wave detection to understand the generation mechanism of fast radio bursts
• Classification of pulsars with Dirichlet process Gaussian mixture model
• The initial evolution of millisecond magnetars: an analytical solution
• Postmerger multimessenger analysis of binary neutron stars: Effect of the magnetic field strength and topology
• An Alternative Numerical Method for the Stationary Pulsar Magnetosphere
• On the Diversity of Compact Objects within Supernova Remnants II: Energy Loss Mechanisms
• Realistic Modeling of the Pulse Profile of PSR J0737-3039A
• General-relativistic monopole magnetosphere of neutron stars: a pseudo-spectral discontinuous Galerkin approach
• On the energy budget of starquake-induced repeating fast radio bursts
• Scaling up global kinetic models of pulsar magnetospheres using a hybrid force-free-PIC numerical approach
• GRB 111209A/SN 2011kl: Collapse of a supramassive magnetar with r-mode oscillation and fall-back accretion onto a newborn black hole
• Radio Emission of Pulsars. I. Slow Tearing of a Quantizing Magnetic Field
• On the peculiar long-term orbital evolution of the eclipsing accreting millisecond X-ray pulsar SWIFT J1749.4-2807
• Hybrid Numerical Simulations of Pulsar Magnetospheres
• Strangelets accelerated by pulsars in galactic cosmic rays
• Numerical simulations of mass loading in the tails of Bow Shock Pulsar Wind Nebulae
• Synthetic pulsar lightcurves from global kinetic simulations and comparison with the Fermi-LAT catalog
• Diffusivity in force-free simulations of global magnetospheres
• Relating the Kick Velocities of Young Pulsars with Magnetic Field Growth Timescales Inferred From Braking Indices
• Radiative pulsar magnetospheres: aligned rotator
• Investigating cannibalistic millisecond pulsar binaries using MESA: New constraints from pulsar spin and mass evolution
• Radiative pulsar magnetospheres: oblique rotators
• Three-dimensional dissipative pulsar magnetospheres with Aristotelian electrodynamics
• Axisymmetric force-free magnetosphere of a pulsar. I. The structure close to the magnetic axis
• More than meets the eye: magnetars in disguise
• Coupled axisymmetric pulsar magnetospheres
• Method of the Particle-in-Cell Simulation for the Y-point in the Pulsar Magnetosphere
• OSIRIS-GR: General relativistic activation of the polar cap of a compact neutron star
• Extinct radio pulsars as a source of subrelativistic positrons
• Multidimensional relativistic MHD simulations of Pulsar Wind Nebulae: dynamics and emission
• X-ray study of Variable Gamma-ray Pulsar PSR J2021+4026
• Modeling the non-recycled Fermi gamma-ray pulsar population
• Modeling Pulsar Wind Nebulae
• Direct Microlensing-Reverberation Observations of the Intrinsic magnetic Structure of AGN in Different Spectral States: A Tale of Two Quasars
• Fundamental physics with neutron stars
• Hints of a second explosion (a quark nova) in Cassiopeia A Supernova
• The electromagnetic radiation whose decay violates the inverse-square law: detailed mathematical treatment of an experimentally realized example
• Axisymmetric force-free magnetosphere of a pulsar. II. Transition from the self-consistent two-fluid model
• QED Plasma and Magnetars
• Pulsar Emission Physics: The First Fifty Years
• Hot Electromagnetic Outflows I: Acceleration and Spectra
• 3D Relativistic MHD Simulations of Pulsar Bow Shock Nebulae
• Does the gamma-ray binary LS I +61°303 harbor a magnetar?
• The radio shut-off, glitch, and X-ray burst in 1E 1547.0-5408 interpreted through magnetic reconfiguration
• Refinement of the timing-based estimator of pulsar magnetic fields
• Force-free wave interaction in magnetar magnetospheres: Computational modeling in axisymmetry
• Comparison of magnetic diffusion and reconnection in ideal and resistive relativistic magnetohydrodynamics, ideal magnetodynamics, and resistive force-free electrodynamics
• A ring-of-fire in the pulsar magnetosphere
• Multipolar Electromagnetic Emission of Newborn Magnetar
• Nonlinear Alfvén-wave Dynamics and Premerger Emission from Crustal Oscillations in Neutron Star Mergers
• Exploring the energy-dependent radiation properties in dissipative magnetospheres with Fermi pulsars
• Relativistic Expansion of Magnetic Loops at the Self-similar Stage
• The Contribution of Millisecond Pulsars to the Galactic Cosmic-Ray Lepton Spectrum
• General solution for the vacuum electromagnetic field in the surroundings of a rotating star
• Pulsar striped winds
• MHD models of Pulsar Wind Nebulae
• Does a strong particle accelerator arise very close to the light cylinder in a pulsar magnetosphere?
• A novel approach for the analysis of the geometry involved in determining light curves of pulsars
• The Galactic population of magnetars : a simulation-based inference study
• Polarized QED Cascades over Pulsar Polar Caps
• Measuring the magnetic dipole moment and magnetospheric fluctuations of SXP 18.3 with a Kalman filter
• An Improved Algorithm for Crossing Curved Light Surfaces: rapidly rotating pulsar magnetospheres in curved spacetime
• High-energy neutrino signatures from pulsar remnants of binary neutron-star mergers: coincident detection prospects with gravitational waves
• The Crab pulsar at VHE
• Timing and Evolution of PSR B0950+08
• Population study for gamma-ray pulsars; II Millisecond pulsars
• A Revisit of the Two-Pole Caustic Model for GeV Light Curves of Gamma-Ray Pulsars
• General-relativistic resistive-magnetohydrodynamics simulations of self-consistent magnetized rotating neutron stars
• Pulsar Magnetospheres and Pulsar Winds
• Observational evidence for a spin-up line in the P-Pdot diagram of millisecond pulsars
• Spheroidal force-free neutron star magnetospheres
• Modeling Radio Circular Polarization in the Crab Nebula
• On the primary beam deceleration in the pulsar wind
• Electromagnetic spin down of a transient accreting millisecond pulsar during quiescence
• Radio spectra of pulsars fitted with the spectral distribution function of the emission from their current sheet
• Computational General Relativistic Force-Free Electrodynamics: I. Multi-Coordinate Implementation and Testing
• General relativistic force-free electrodynamics with a discontinuous Galerkin-finite difference hybrid method
• Magnetic absorption of VHE photons in the magnetosphere of the Crab pulsar
• The effective magnetic field decay of radio pulsars: insights from the statistical properties of their spin frequency's second derivatives
• A scenario of the formation of isolated X-ray pulsars with anomalously long period
• Single Pulse Variability in Gamma-ray Pulsars
• Relativistic MHD modeling of magnetized neutron stars, pulsar winds, and their nebulae
• Global current circuit structure in a resistive pulsar magnetosphere model
• Statistics of VHE gamma-Rays in Temporal Association with Radio Giant Pulses from the Crab Pulsar
• X-ray spectral properties of the accreting millisecond pulsar IGR J17498-2921 during its 2023 outburst
• Spheroidal magnetic stars rotating in vacuum
• General-relativistic magnetar magnetospheres in 3D with physics-informed neural networks
• The Pulsating Pulsar Magnetosphere
• On the initial spin periods of magnetars born in weak supernova explosions and their gravitational wave radiation
• QED effects are negligible for neutron-star spin-down
• Quasi-steady emission from repeating fast radio bursts can be explained by magnetar wind nebulae
• Bayesian Inference on the Radio-quietness of Gamma-ray Pulsars
• Gamma-ray spectra of the Crab, Vela and Geminga pulsars fitted with SED of the emission from their current sheet
• Broad-band X-ray spectral and timing properties of the accreting millisecond X-ray pulsar IGR J17498$-$2921 during the 2023 outburst
• Impact of temperature asymmetry and small fraction of static positive ions on the relaxed states of a relativistic hot pair plasma
• Pulsar current sheet Cerenkov radiation
• Relativistic-Amplitude electromagnetic waves - Beating the "magnetic" barrier
• Luminous Fast Blue Optical Transients as "Failed" Gravitational-wave Sources: Helium Core$-$Black Hole Mergers Following Delayed Dynamical Instability
• Physics of radio emission in gamma-ray pulsars
• Imprint of magnetic obliquity in apparent spin-down of radio pulsars
• Interlinking internal and external magnetic fields of relativistically rotating neutron stars
• On the Angular Momentum Extraction from the Rotation Powered Pulsars
• Off-centred force-free neutron star magnetospheres
• Evidence for the spin-kick alignment of pulsars from the statistics of their magnetic inclinations
• Radio pulsar population synthesis with consistent flux measurements using simulation-based inference
• Stimulated-emission based model of fast radio bursts
• Central compact objects and their magnetic fields
• Recycling Pulsars: spins, masses and ages
• Properties of white dwarf in the binary system AR Scorpii and its observed features
• Observational Constraints on the Pulsar Wind Model: The Cases of Crab and Vela
• On the role of magnetic fields into the dynamics and gravitational wave emission of binary neutron stars
• Full simulation of the open field lines above pulsar's polar cap - Part I
• The pulsar synchrotron: coherent radio emission
• Rotation and dispersion measure evolution of repeating fast radio bursts propagating through a magnetar flare ejecta
• Investigating the neutron star physics through observations of several young pulsars in the dipole-field re-emergence scenario
• General relativistic calculation of magnetic field and Power loss for a misaligned pulsar
• Glitches in four gamma-ray pulsars and inferences on the neutron star structure
• Periodic Activities of Fast Radio Burst Repeaters from Precessing Magnetars with Evolving Obliquity
• Pulsar Population Synthesis with Magnetorotational Evolution: Constraining the Decay of Magnetic field
• Rotating neutron stars without light cylinders
• Pulsars as candidates of LHAASO sources J2226+6057, J1908+0621 and J1825-1326
• XMM-Newton observations of PSR J0554+3107: pulsing thermal emission from a cooling high-mass neutron star
• Rapid Hierarchical Inference of Neutron Star Equation of State from multiple Gravitational Wave Observations of Binary Neutron Star Coalescences
• Safety first: Stability and dissipation of line-tied force-free flux tubes in magnetized coronae
• Acceleration Potential and Density Profile of Secondary Plasma in the Magnetosphere of Orthogonal Pulsars
• Steady-State Axisymmetric MHD Solutions with Various Boundary Conditions
• Search for interpulses in a complete sample of pulsars at a frequency of 111 MHz
• Radio pulsar variability
• Could the stochastic gravitational wave background from newborn magnetars be detected by the advanced LIGO and Einstein Telescope?
• Radio polarization of millisecond pulsars with multipolar magnetic fields
• Constraining the quantum gravity polymer scale using LIGO data
• General-relativistic and non-ideal radiative cooling in neutron star magnetospheres
• The role of equation of state on the spin-up of millisecond pulsars
• Gamma-ray Pulsar Emission is Mostly Stable on Timescales from Minutes to Years
• Corotating light cylinders and Alfvén waves
• The 3D pulsar magnetosphere with machine learning: first results
• On the internal structure of the current sheet in the pulsar wind
• Towards Modelling AR Sco: Calibration -- Reproducing High-Energy Pulsar Emission and Testing Convergence to Aristotelian Electrodynamics
• The complex charm of the pulsar magnetosphere
• Probing the properties of the pulsar wind via studying the dispersive effects in the pulses from the pulsar companion in a double neutron-star binary system
• Young radio-loud gamma-ray pulsar light-curve fitting
• Revealing the Unseen: The Discovery of Long-Awaited Radiation from the Intermittent Pulsar PSR B1931+24
• Magnetar-like flares behind the high-energy emission in LS 5039
• The Galactic population of canonical pulsars
• The 2025 outburst of IGR J17511-3057: timing and spectral insights from NICER and NuSTAR
• Pulsars as candidates of LHAASO sources J2226+6057, J1908+0621 and J1825-1326: The leptonic origin
• Multi-wavelength emission in resistive pulsar magnetospheres
• Investigating the emission signatures of pulsar halo candidate HESS J1813-126
• Continuous Gravitational Waves from Supersoft X-ray Sources: Promising Targets for deci-Hz Detectors
• Whistler-Alfvén turbulence in a non-neutral ultrarelativistic pair plasma
• Electromagnetic Precursors to Binary Neutron Star Mergers: Kinetic Simulations of Magnetospheric Flaring
• Evolution of Crab Pulsar: Magnetic Inclination Angle and Spin
• Gamma-radiation sky maps from compact binaries
• The pulsar gamma-ray emission from the high-resolution dissipative magnetospheres