Dissecting the Energy Budget of a Gamma-Ray Burst Fireball

Abstract

The jet composition and radiative efficiency of GRBs are poorly constrained from the data. If the jet composition is matter-dominated (i.e. a fireball), the GRB prompt emission spectra would include a dominant thermal component originating from the fireball photosphere, and a non-thermal component presumably originating from internal shocks whose radii are greater than the photosphere radius. We propose a method to directly dissect the GRB fireball energy budget into three components and measure their values by combining the prompt emission and early afterglow data. The measured parameters include the initial dimensionless specific enthalpy density ($\eta$), bulk Lorentz factors at the photosphere radius (${\Gamma }_{\mathrm{ph}}$) and before fireball deceleration (${\Gamma }_0$), the amount of mass loading ($M$), as well as the GRB radiative efficiency (${\eta }_{\gamma }$). All the parameters can be derived from the data for a GRB with a dominant thermal spectral component, a deceleration bump feature in the early afterglow lightcurve, and a measured redshift. The results only weakly depend on the density $n$ of the interstellar medium when the composition $\mathcal{Y}$ parameter (typically unity) is specified.

arXiv commentMatching the version published in ApJL

References in corpus (59)

• Unsteady Outflow Models for Cosmological Gamma-Ray Bursts
• The Physics of Gamma-Ray Bursts and Relativistic Jets
• The Internal-Collision-Induced Magnetic Reconnection and Turbulence (ICMART) Model of Gamma-Ray Bursts
• The Proto-Magnetar Model for Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Dissipative Photosphere Models of Gamma-ray Bursts and X-ray Flashes
• Steep Slopes and Preferred Breaks in GRB Spectra: the Role of Photospheres and Comptonization
• Lower Limits on Lorentz Factors in Gamma Ray Bursts
• Fermi Observations of GRB 090902B: A Distinct Spectral Component in the Prompt and Delayed Emission
• Poynting Jets from Black Holes and Cosmological Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Viewing Angle and Environment Effects in GRB: Sources of Afterglow Diversity
• GRB990123, The Optical Flash and The Fireball Model
• Gamma-Ray Burst Environments and Progenitors
• Fundamental Physical Parameters of Collimated Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows
• Jet breaks and Energetics of Swift GRB X-ray Afterglows
• Identification and properties of the photospheric emission in GRB090902B
• GRB Radiative Efficiencies Derived from the Swift Data: GRBs vs. XRFs, Long vs. Short
• Detection of a Thermal Spectral Component in the Prompt Emission of GRB 100724B
• A Comprehensive Analysis of Fermi Gamma-Ray Burst Data. I. Spectral Components and Their Possible Physical Origins of LAT/GBM GRBs
• REM observations of GRB 060418 and GRB 060607A: the onset of the afterglow and the initial fireball Lorentz factor determination
• Constraining GRB Initial Lorentz Factor with the Afterglow Onset Feature and Discovery of a Tight Gamma_0-E_iso Correlation
• Gasdynamics of Relativistically Expanding Gamma-Ray Burst Sources: Kinematics, Energetics, Magnetic Fields and Efficiency
• Hydrodynamics of Relativistic Fireballs
• Is Thermal Emission in Gamma-Ray Bursts Ubiquitous?
• GRB110721A: An extreme peak energy and signatures of the photosphere
• Evidence of an initially magnetically dominated outflow in GRB 080916C
• Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows: Effects of Radiative Corrections and Nonuniformity of the Surrounding Medium
• Hydrodynamics of a Relativistic Fireball: the Complete Evolution
• Quasi-blackbody component and radiative efficiency of the prompt emission of gamma-ray bursts
• A new method of determining the initial size and Lorentz factor of gamma-ray burst fireballs using a thermal emission component
• Extending the search for muon neutrinos coincident with gamma-ray bursts in IceCube data
• The expected thermal precursors of gamma-ray bursts in the internal shock model
• How Bad/Good Are the External Forward Shock Afterglow Models of Gamma-Ray Bursts?
• On the energy of gamma-ray bursts
• Energies of GRB blast waves and prompt efficiencies as implied by modeling of X-ray and GeV afterglows
• Bulk Lorentz factors of Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Physics of Gamma-Ray Bursts Prompt Emission
• IceCube Non-detection of GRBs: Constraints on the Fireball Properties
• The Escape of High-Energy Photons from Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Gamma-ray bursts from magnetized collisionally-heated jets
• The Connection Between Thermal and Non-Thermal Emission in Gamma-ray Bursts: General Considerations and GRB090902B as a Case Study
• Photosphere emission from a hybrid relativistic outflow with arbitrary dimensionless entropy and magnetization in GRBs
• Lorentz Factor-Isotropic Luminosity/Energy Correlations of GRBS and Their Interpretation
• Gamma-ray bursts as cool synchrotron sources
• Synchrotron Origin of the Typical GRB Band Function - A Case Study of GRB 130606B
• Model-dependent high-energy neutrino flux from Gamma-Ray Bursts
• On the Kinetic Energy and Radiative Efficiency of Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Low Energy Spectral Index and $E_p$ evolution of Quasi-thermal Photosphere Emission of Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Towards a Better Understanding of the GRB Phenomenon: a New Model for GRB Prompt Emission and its effects on the New Non-Thermal L${}_{\mathrm{i}}^{\mathrm{NT}}$-E${}_{\mathrm{peak},\mathrm{i}}^{\mathrm{rest},\mathrm{NT}}$ relation
• Detection of Low-energy Breaks in Gamma-Ray Burst Prompt Emission Spectra
• Evidence of two spectral breaks in the prompt emission of gamma ray bursts
• Dynamical Model of an Expanding Shell
• Constraining the Type of Central Engine of GRBs with Swift Data
• Prompt Gamma Ray Burst emission from gradual magnetic dissipation
• MultiPulse {\it Fermi} Gamma-Ray Bursts. I. Evidence of the Transition from Fireball to Poynting-flux-dominated Outflow
• Spectral-Temporal Simulations of Internal Dissipation Models of Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Thermal Components in Gamma-ray Bursts. I. How Do They Affect Non-Thermal Spectral Parameters?
• Diagnosing GRB Prompt Emission Site with Spectral Cut-Off Energy
• Hydrodynamic properties of gamma-ray bursts outflows deduced from thermal component
• The extremely high peak energy of GRB 110721A in the context of a dissipative photosphere synchrotron emission model

Cited by in corpus (9)

• The Photosphere Emission Spectrum of Hybrid Relativistic Outflow for Gamma-ray Bursts
• Gamma-Ray Burst in a Binary System
• A Cosmological Fireball with Sixteen-Percent Gamma-Ray Radiative Efficiency
• Multipolar Electromagnetic Emission of Newborn Magnetar
• Is magnetically dominated outflow required to explain GRBs?
• Gravo-thermal catastrophe in gravitational collapse and energy progenitor of Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Effect of Fluid Composition on a Jet Breaking Out of a Cocoon in Gamma-ray Bursts: A Relativistic de Laval Nozzle Treatment
• GRB 190114C: Fireball Energy Budget and Radiative Efficiency Revisited
• A generalized method to measure the Lorentz factor from gamma-ray burst photospheric emission