High Energy Emission from the Galactic Center

Abstract

The center of the Galaxy is a prominent source in X-rays and gamma-rays. The study of its high-energy (HE) emission is crucial in understanding the physical phenomena taking place in this dense and extreme environment, where the closest supermassive black hole (SMBH) to us, Sgr A*, is lurking nearly invisible, today, in most of the energy spectrum. These phenomena are probably common to other galactic nuclei and may explain the feedback processes between nuclear regions and galaxies, so important for the overall evolution of the Universe. The Galactic center HE emission is very complex and consists of both thermal and non thermal radiation produced by compact and extended sources, surrounded by more diffuse components. All these objects and media are interacting with each other in the narrow and dense Central Molecular Zone (CMZ). Some of them also show relevant extensions towards the Galactic poles, indicating energetic outflows that seem to link the center to the recently observed large Galactic polar structures. In spite of the fundamental advances obtained in the last twenty five years with the most sensitive X-ray and gamma-ray observatories, several questions remain open to investigations. We review here the main observational results and the open issues on the high-energy diagnostics of the Galactic nuclear activity, focusing on processes that take place in the CMZ, and in particular discussing the role of the present and past SMBH activities in powering this region and possibly the whole Galaxy.

Review paper (61 pages, 26 figures), accepted for publication in Reviews of Modern Physics on 19 December, 2025. Expected publication in RMP Vol. 98 Iss. 2, Apr-Jun 2026

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• A Possible Link Between the Galactic Center HESS Source and Sgr A*
• Dim but not entirely dark: Extracting the Galactic Center Excess' source-count distribution with neural nets
• Interstellar gas in the Galaxy and the X-ray luminosity of Sgr A* in the recent past
• The inner cavity of the circumnuclear disc
• Modelling the thermal X-ray emission around the Galactic Centre from colliding Wolf-Rayet winds
• X-ray Sources with Periodic Variability in a Deep Chandra Image of the Galactic Center
• Chemical abundances in Sgr A East: evidence for a Type Iax supernova remnant
• The Cosmic Ray Population of the Galactic Central Molecular Zone
• The Sgr B2 X-ray Echo of the Galactic Center Supernova Explosion that Produced Sgr A East
• Giant cosmic ray halos around M31 and the Milky Way
• Supernova Kicks and Dynamics of Compact Remnants in the Galactic Centre
• Gamma-Ray Emission from Molecular Clouds Generated by Penetrating Cosmic Rays
• Diffuse TeV Emission at the Galactic Centre
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• The Galactic LMXB Population and the Galactic Centre Region
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• Spectrum of Relativistic and Subrelativistic Cosmic Rays in the 100 pc Central Region
• Gamma-rays from millisecond pulsar population within the central stellar cluster in the Galactic Center
• Constraining the population of isolated massive stars within the Central Molecular Zone
• Variation of the X-ray non-thermal emission in the Arches cloud
• "Failed" tidal disruption events and X-ray flares from the Galactic Center
• NuSTAR and Chandra Observation of the Galactic Center Non-thermal X-ray Filament G0.13-0.11: A Pulsar Wind Nebula Driven Magnetic Filament
• Study of the accretion torque during the 2014 outburst of the X-ray pulsar GRO J1744-28
• A past capture event at Sagittarius A* inferred from the fluorescent X-ray emission of Sagittarius B clouds
• XMM-Newton observations of the Galactic Centre Region - II: The soft thermal emission
• Examining molecular clouds in the Galactic Centre region using X-ray reflection spectra simulations
• High-Energy X-rays from J174545.5-285829, the Cannonball: A Candidate Pulsar Wind Nebula Associated with Sgr A East
• The Galactic Bulge Diffuse Emission in Broad-Band X-rays with NuSTAR
• X-ray Observation of a Magnetized Hot Gas Outflow in the Galactic Center Region
• The Population of the Galactic Center Filaments: Position Angle Distribution Reveal a Degree-scale Collimated Outflow from Sgr A* along the Galactic Plane
• Leptonic origin of the 100 MeV gamma-ray emission from the Galactic Centre
• A Supernova-driven, Magnetically-collimated Outflow as the Origin of the Galactic Center Radio Bubbles
• Study of the excess Fe XXV line emission in the central degrees of the Galactic centre using XMM-Newton data
• Multi-wavelength Variability of Sagittarius A* in July 2019
• No sign of G2's encounter affecting Sgr A*'s X-ray flaring rate from $Chandra$ observations
• Black Holes Up Close
• Cosmic-Ray Models of the Ridge-Like Excess of Gamma Rays in the Galactic Center
• The Galactic bulge millisecond pulsars shining in X rays: A gamma-ray perspective
• NuSTAR and XMM-Newton observations of the Arches cluster in 2015: fading hard X-ray emission from the molecular cloud
• The origin of the 6.4 keV line emission and H${}_2$ ionization in the diffuse molecular gas of the Galactic center region
• An Imaging and Spectral Study of Ten X-Ray Filaments around the Galactic Center
• NuSTAR and Chandra observations of new X-ray transients in the central parsec of the Galaxy
• A Phantom Menace: On the Morphology of the Galactic Center Excess
• Multiple accretion events as a trigger for Sgr A* activity
• Hybrid model of GeV-TeV gamma ray emission from Galactic Center
• Can a cosmic ray carrot explain the ionization level in diffuse molecular clouds?
• Uniform distribution of the extremely overionized plasma associated with the supernova remnant G359.1-0.5
• Chandra large-scale mapping of the Galactic center: Probing high-energy structures around the central molecular zone
• Discovery of X-ray flaring activity in the Arches cluster
• Soft gamma-ray constraints on a bright flare from the Galactic Center supermassive black hole
• The Inner 2 pc of Sagittarius A*: Simulations of the Circumnuclear Disk and Multiphase Gas Accretion in the Galactic Center
• Observation of the $\gamma$-ray Emission from W43 with LHAASO
• Fermi LAT observations of Sagittarius A*: Imaging Analysis
• 3-D CMZ IV: Distinguishing Near vs. Far Distances in the Galactic Center Using Spitzer and Herschel
• Towards a three-dimensional distribution of the molecular clouds in the Galactic Centre
• The Galactic Center: A PeV Cosmic Ray Acceleration Factory
• Investigating the origin of the faint non-thermal emission of the Arches cluster using the 2015-2016 NuSTAR and XMM-Newton X-ray observations
• Massive White Dwarfs in the Galactic Center: A Chandra X-ray Spectroscopy of Cataclysmic Variables
• Does the SN rate explain the very high energy cosmic rays in the central 200 pc of our Galaxy?
• The X-ray outburst of the Galactic Center magnetar over six years of Chandra observations
• Observations of GRO J1744-28 in quiescence with XMM-Newton
• X-ray spectra of Sgr A East and diffuse X-ray background near the Galactic center
• SRG/eROSITA view of X-ray reflection in the Central Molecular Zone: a snapshot in September-October 2019
• Evolution of Supernova Remnants near the Galactic Center
• Upper Limit on Brackett-gamma Emission from the Immediate Accretion Flow onto the Galactic Black Hole
• Pulsar-wind-nebula-powered Galactic center X-ray filament G0.13-0.11: Proof of the synchrotron nature by IXPE
• The High Time Resolution Universe Pulsar Survey -- XVIII. The reprocessing of the HTRU-S Low Lat survey around the Galactic centre using a Fast Folding Algorithm pipeline for accelerated pulsars
• The Chandra High Resolution X-ray Spectrum of Quiescent Emission from Sgr A*
• Sgr B2 hard X-ray emission with INTEGRAL after 2009: still detectable?
• New Constraints on Cosmic Particle Populations at the Galactic Center using X-ray Observations of the Molecular Cloud Sagittarius B2
• Time-Variability of equivalent width of 6.4 keV line from the Arches Complex: reflected X-rays or charged particles?
• A Swift study of long-term changes in the X-ray flaring properties of Sagittarius A*
• How to create Sgr A East: Where did the supernova explode?
• Number Density Distribution of Near-Infrared Sources on a Sub-Degree Scale in the Galactic Center: Comparison with the Fe XXV Ka Line at 6.7 keV
• Revealing Gas Inflows towards the Galactic Central Molecular Zone
• Cosmic rays cannot explain the high ionisation rates in the Galactic centre
• Where is the Western Part of the Galactic Center Lobe Located really?
• 25 years of XMM-Newton observations of the Sgr A complex: 3D distribution and internal structure of the clouds
• The formation and stability of a cold disc made out of stellar winds in the Galactic Centre
• Constraining Models of the Pulsar Wind Nebula in SNR G0.9+0.1 via Simulation of its Detection Properties using the Cherenkov Telescope Array
• Impact of anisotropic cosmic-ray transport on the gamma-ray signatures in the Galactic Center
• Hydrodynamic Evolution of Sgr A East: The Imprint of A Supernova Remnant in the Galactic Center
• Molecular environments of the supernova remnant G359.1-0.5
• Coded Mask Instruments for Gamma-Ray Astronomy
• A Super Bubble Candidate in the Galactic Center and a Local Enhancement G359.77-0.09
• Impact of intrinsic polarisation of Sgr A* historical flares on (polarisation) properties of their X-ray echoes
• Origin of the low-temperature plasma in the Galactic center X-ray emission
• X-rays from a Central "Exhaust Vent" of the Galactic Center Chimney
• Constraining the low-energy cosmic ray flux in the central molecular zone from MeV nuclear deexcitation line observations
• Time-dependent escape of cosmic rays from supernova remnants potentially at the origin of the very-high-energy cosmic-ray gradient of the Galactic center