Development of the Model of Galactic Interstellar Emission for Standard Point-Source Analysis of Fermi Large Area Telescope Data

Abstract

Most of the celestial gamma rays detected by the Large Area Telescope (LAT) aboard the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope originate from the interstellar medium when energetic cosmic rays interact with interstellar nucleons and photons. Conventional point and extended source studies rely on the modeling of this diffuse emission for accurate characterization. We describe here the development of the Galactic Interstellar Emission Model (GIEM) that is the standard adopted by the LAT Collaboration and is publicly available. The model is based on a linear combination of maps for interstellar gas column density in Galactocentric annuli and for the inverse Compton emission produced in the Galaxy. We also include in the GIEM large-scale structures like Loop I and the Fermi bubbles. The measured gas emissivity spectra confirm that the cosmic-ray proton density decreases with Galactocentric distance beyond 5 kpc from the Galactic Center. The measurements also suggest a softening of the proton spectrum with Galactocentric distance. We observe that the Fermi bubbles have boundaries with a shape similar to a catenary at latitudes below 20 degrees and we observe an enhanced emission toward their base extending in the North and South Galactic direction and located within 4 degrees of the Galactic Center.

arXiv commentAccepted for publication in ApJS

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• Analysis of the Gravitational Wave Background Using Gamma-Ray Pulsar Timing Arrays with Next-Generation Detectors
• Massive Star Clusters as sources of high-energy gamma radiation
• Multi-messenger Implications of Sub-PeV Diffuse Galactic Gamma-Ray Emission
• Observations of the Fermi bubbles and the Galactic center excess with the DArk Matter Particle Explorer
• Cosmic Rays and Non-thermal Emission Induced by Accretion of Cool Gas onto the Galactic Disk
• Evidence for protons accelerated and escaped from the Puppis A region using \textit{Fermi}-LAT observations
• Analysis Methods for Gamma-ray Astronomy
• A Fast Algorithm for Finding Point Sources in the Fermi Data Stream: FermiFAST
• On a possible origin of the gamma-ray excess around the Galactic Center
• The calibrations of DAMPE $\gamma$-ray effective area
• Explaining the Origin of TeV Gamma Rays from M87 During High and Low States
• Time-dependent modelling of short-term variability in the TeV-blazar VER J0521+211 during the major flare in 2020
• A GeV-TeV particle component and the barrier of cosmic-ray sea in the Central Molecular Zone
• On the morphology of $\gamma -$ray emission induced by $e^{\pm }$ from annihilating self-interacting dark matter
• A New Gamma-ray Emitting Population of FR0 Radio Galaxies
• A 3D Monte Carlo calculation of the inverse Compton emission from the Sun and stars in presence of magnetic and electric fields
• Constraining the position of the knee in the galactic cosmic ray spectrum with ultra-high-energy diffuse $\gamma$-rays
• Interpreting the LHAASO Galactic diffuse emission data
• The Effects of Cosmic-Ray Diffusion and Radiative Cooling on the Galactic Wind from the Milky Way
• High Energy Emission from the Galactic Center
• Measurement of Cosmic-Ray Density in the Spiral Arms toward Galactic Anticenter