An Ultrahigh-energy $\gamma$-ray Bubble Powered by a Super PeVatron

Abstract

We report the detection of a $\gamma$-ray bubble spanning at least 100$\mathrm{de}{\mathrm{g}}^2$ in ultra high energy (UHE) up to a few PeV in the direction of the star-forming region Cygnus X, implying the presence Super PeVatron(s) accelerating protons to at least 10 PeV. A log-parabola form with the photon index $\Gamma (E)=(2.71\pm 0.02)+(0.11\pm 0.02)\times {\log }_{10}(E/10\mathrm{TeV})$ is found fitting the gamma-ray energy spectrum of the bubble well. UHE sources, `hot spots' correlated with very massive molecular clouds, and a quasi-spherical amorphous $\gamma$-ray emitter with a sharp central brightening are observed in the bubble. In the core of $\sim 0.5^{\circ }$, spatially associating with a region containing massive OB association (Cygnus OB2) and a microquasar (Cygnus X-3), as well as previously reported multi-TeV sources, an enhanced concentration of UHE $\gamma$-rays are observed with 2 photons at energies above 1 PeV. The general feature of the bubble, the morphology and the energy spectrum, are reasonably reproduced by the assumption of a particle accelerator in the core, continuously injecting protons into the ambient medium.

References in corpus (5)

• HI4PI: A full-sky HI survey based on EBHIS and GASS
• Measurement of the cosmic-ray proton spectrum from 40 GeV to 100 TeV with the DAMPE satellite
• Ankle-like Feature in the Energy Spectrum of Light Elements of Cosmic Rays Observed with KASCADE-Grande
• Identification of the TeV Gamma-ray Source ARGO J2031+4157 with the Cygnus Cocoon
• The local spiral structure of the Milky Way

Cited by in corpus (35)

• Efficient micromirror confinement of sub-TeV cosmic rays in galaxy clusters
• Observation of the $\gamma$-ray Emission from W43 with LHAASO
• Mass and wind luminosity of young Galactic open clusters in Gaia DR2
• Contribution of young massive star clusters to Galactic diffuse $\gamma$-ray emission
• Probing the Galactic neutrino flux at neutrino energies above 200 TeV with the Baikal Gigaton Volume Detector
• Stellar-wind feedback and magnetic fields around young compact star clusters: 3D MHD simulations
• A New Perspective on the Diffuse Gamma-Ray Emission Excess
• Self-organized critical characteristics of teraelectronvolt photons from GRB 221009A
• Search for joint multimessenger signals from potential galactic cosmic-ray accelerators with HAWC and IceCube
• A discussion on the origin of the sub-PeV Galactic gamma-ray emission
• Probes for String-Inspired Foam, Lorentz, and CPT Violations in Astrophysics
• Detection of molecular clouds in the PeVatron candidate source LHAASO J0341$+$5258 by the Nobeyama 45-m radio telescope
• Revisiting the propagation of highly-energetic gamma rays in the Galaxy
• Quantitative constraint on the contribution of resolved gamma-ray sources to the sub-PeV Galactic diffuse gamma-ray flux measured by the Tibet ASγ experiment
• A cosmic-ray loaded nascent outflow driven by a massive star cluster
• Microquasar remnants as hidden PeVatrons
• Supernova remnants in super bubbles as cosmic ray accelerators
• Constraints to Lorentz violation and ultrahigh-energy electrons in D-foamy space-times
• Particle Deflections around Microscopic Loop Quantum Black Holes with Rigorous Quantum Parameters
• Cygnus X-3 as semi-hidden PeVatron
• On the hadronic origin of the very high energy $\gamma$-ray emission surrounding the young massive stellar cluster Westerlund 1
• Cosmic-Ray Mass Composition around the Knee via Principal Component Analysis
• Young Massive Star Clusters as TeV Emitters: Constraints from H.E.S.S. and LHAASO
• Direct simulations of very high energy cosmic ray acceleration in 3D MHD model of a compact star cluster
• Long-term study of the gamma-ray emission of Cygnus X-3 with MAGIC and Fermi-LAT
• How interacting winds shape the mechanical feedback of massive star clusters over millions of years
• Fermi-LAT View on Three Ultra-high-energy 1LHAASO Sources in the $52^{\circ }<l<55^{\circ }$ Region
• Morphology of Young Massive Stellar Clusters with Next-Generation IACTs
• Suppressed diffusion and gamma-ray emission from the Cygnus bubble
• Analysis of the Emission and Morphology of the Pulsar Wind Nebula Candidate HAWC J2031+415
• Are Kronberger 80 and/or Kronberger 82 regions PeVatron candidates for LHAASO J2108+5157?
• Measurement of Cosmic-Ray Density in the Spiral Arms toward Galactic Anticenter
• High Energy Emission from the Galactic Center
• Deciphering the gamma-ray emission in the Cygnus region
• The Cosmic-ray Knee as a Local Signature of Nearby PeVatrons