paper

Direct simulations of very high energy cosmic ray acceleration in 3D MHD model of a compact star cluster

arXiv:2606.06731 · doi:10.1016/j.asr.2025.10.075

Abstract

Young compact clusters of massive stars contain dozens of O-, B- and WR-type stars with fast powerful winds in a small pc radius core. The particle acceleration by ensembles of shocks accompanied with long-wavelength compressions and rarefactions in the turbulent environment of young massive star clusters (YMSCs) is an alternative to the standard paradigm of Galactic cosmic ray acceleration on supernova shocks. In recent years, the topic has been of great interest due to the fact that modern gamma- and X-ray observatories have detected the radiation from YMSCs, which indicates particle acceleration processes in these objects. We study particle propagation and acceleration in a YMSC with the help of 3D magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) modeling using an open source PLUTO code. The code allows modeling of the turbulent environment of YMSCs and obtaining crucial for particle acceleration values of velocity, density, and magnetic field inside the cluster core. The Particle module implemented in PLUTO allows solving the equations of motion for test charged particles together with MHD equations for the medium. We obtained that protons acceleration up to hundreds of TeV takes place in the cluster core near the termination shocks of O-stars, which are surrounded by shocks of their neighbour stars. We also modeled an interesting case of a young supernova remnant expanding inside the cluster core. In this case a very fast acceleration takes place: particle energies 100 TeV can be obtained in 100 years. The particle spectra and spatial distribution are discussed.

10 pages, 8 figures

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