Pulsar-wind nebulae and magnetar outflows: observations at radio, X-ray, and gamma-ray wavelengths

Abstract

We review observations of several classes of neutron-star-powered outflows: pulsar-wind nebulae (PWNe) inside shell supernova remnants (SNRs), PWNe interacting directly with interstellar medium (ISM), and magnetar-powered outflows. We describe radio, X-ray, and gamma-ray observations of PWNe, focusing first on integrated spectral-energy distributions (SEDs) and global spectral properties. High-resolution X-ray imaging of PWNe shows a bewildering array of morphologies, with jets, trails, and other structures. Several of the 23 so far identified magnetars show evidence for continuous or sporadic emission of material, sometimes associated with giant flares, and a few possible "magnetar-wind nebulae" have been recently identified.

arXiv comment61 pages, 44 figures (reduced in quality for size reasons). Published in Space Science Reviews, "Jets and Winds in Pulsar Wind Nebulae, Gamma-ray Bursts and Blazars: Physics of Extreme Energy Release"

References in corpus (152)

• The Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) Mission
• Fermi Large Area Telescope First Source Catalog
• The Evolution and Structure of Pulsar Wind Nebulae
• The McGill Magnetar Catalog
• The Velocity Distribution of Isolated Radio Pulsars
• Direct cosmological simulations of the growth of black holes and galaxies
• Pulsars as the Sources of High Energy Cosmic Ray Positrons
• Discovery of Spatial and Spectral Structure in the X-Ray Emission from the Crab Nebula
• 2FHL: The Second Catalog of Hard Fermi-LAT Sources
• Pulsar Wind Nebulae in Evolved Supernova Remnants
• The Vela Pulsar and its Synchrotron Nebula
• Young core collapse supernova remnants and their supernovae
• Magnetars: Properties, Origin and Evolution
• Magnetar-like Emission from the Young Pulsar in Kes 75
• Modeling the spectral evolution of PWNe inside SNRs
• Chandra imaging of the X-ray nebula powered by pulsar B1509-58
• Pulsar Wind Nebulae in the Chandra Era
• Axially symmetric relativistic MHD simulations of Pulsar Wind Nebulae in Supernova Remnants - On the origin of torus and jet-like features
• First detection of a VHE gamma-ray spectral maximum from a Cosmic source: H.E.S.S. discovery of the Vela X nebula
• Magnetar Spin-Down
• An expanding radio nebula produced by a giant flare from the magnetar SGR 1806-20
• A Dynamical Model for the Evolution of a Pulsar Wind Nebula inside a Non-Radiative Supernova Remnant
• Energy dependent gamma-ray morphology in the Pulsar wind nebula HESSJ1825-137
• The Variable Jet of the Vela Pulsar
• New Constraints on the Structure and Evolution of the Pulsar Wind Nebula 3C 58
• The Mouse That Soared: High Resolution X-ray Imaging of the Pulsar-Powered Bow Shock G359.23-0.82
• The discovery, monitoring and environment of SGR J1935+2154
• Interpretation of AMS-02 electrons and positrons data
• Discovery of a Radio Source following the 27 December 2004 Giant Flare from SGR 1806-20
• A Relativistic Particle Outburst From The Soft Gamma-Ray Repeater SGR1900+14
• Discovery of extended VHE gamma-ray emission from the asymmetric pulsar wind nebula in MSH 15-52 with H.E.S.S
• A Model of the Spectral Evolution of Pulsar Wind Nebulae
• Constraints on the Galactic Population of TEV Pulsar Wind Nebulae Using Fermi Large Area Telescope Observations
• SNR G320.4-01.2 and PSR B1509-58: New radio observations of a complex interacting system
• Spatial Variation of the X-ray spectrum of the Crab Nebula
• Chandra Observation of SNR G54.1+0.3 -- a Close Cousin of the Crab Nebula
• Spitzer Space Telescope Infrared Imaging and Spectroscopy of the Crab Nebula
• Time-dependent modeling of pulsar wind nebulae: Study on the impact of the diffusion-loss approximations
• The theory of pulsar winds and nebulae
• Chandra Observations of the Crab-like Supernova Remnant G21.5-0.9
• The dust-scattering X-ray rings of the anomalous X-ray pulsar 1E 1547.0-5408
• The first giant flare from SGR 1806-20: observations with the INTEGRAL SPI Anti-Coincidence Shield
• Relativistic MHD simulations of pulsar bow-shock nebulae
• An evolutionary model for pulsar-driven supernova remnants
• Diagnosing the outflow from the SGR 1806-20 Giant Flare with Radio Observations
• Geminga's puzzling pulsar wind nebula
• Particle acceleration in relativistic outflows
• Probing the extent of the non-thermal emission from the Vela X region at TeV energies with H.E.S.S
• X-ray and radio observations of the magnetar SGR J1935+2154 during its 2014, 2015, and 2016 outbursts
• Bow Shocks from Neutron Stars: Scaling Laws and HST Observations of the Guitar Nebula
• Surveys with the Cherenkov Telescope Array
• A new look at the cosmic ray positron fraction
• A Multi-Frequency Radio Study of Supernova Remnant G292.0+1.8 and its Pulsar Wind Nebula
• Modeling Nonaxisymmetric Bow Shocks: Solution Method and Exact Analytic Solutions
• Particle Transport in Young Pulsar Wind Nebulae
• Giant Flare in SGR 1806-20 and Its Compton Reflection from the Moon
• Broadband X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy of the Crab Nebula and Pulsar with NuSTAR
• The multi-phase gaseous halos of star forming late-type galaxies - I. XMM-Newton observations of the Hot Ionized Medium
• Study of Four Young TeV Pulsar Wind Nebulae with a Spectral Evolution Model
• A Half-Megasecond Chandra Observation of the Oxygen-Rich Supernova Remnant G292.0+1.8
• Fermi Large Area Telescope observations of the Vela-X Pulsar Wind Nebula
• A Re-brightening of the Radio Nebula associated with the 2004 December 27 giant flare from SGR 1806--20
• X-ray Observations of Parsec-Scale Tails behind Two Middle-Aged Pulsars
• Pure and loaded fireballs in SGR giant flares
• On the X-ray feature associated with the Guitar Nebula
• Late-time Evolution of Composite Supernova Remnants: Deep Chandra Observations and Hydrodynamical Modeling of a Crushed Pulsar Wind Nebula in SNR G327.1-1.1
• The plerion nebula in IC 443: the XMM-Newton view
• DA495 - an aging pulsar wind nebula
• The Expansion and Radio Spectral Index of G21.5-0.9: Is PSR J1833-1034 the Youngest Pulsar?
• VLA and XMM-Newton observations of the SNR W41/TeV Gamma-ray source HESS J1834-087
• The Pulsar Wind Nebula in G11.2-0.3
• The Infrared Detection of the Pulsar Wind Nebula in the Galactic Supernova Remnant 3C 58
• Multi-wavelength observations of the Soft Gamma Repeater SGR 1900+14 during its April 2001 activation
• Three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations of asymmetric pulsar wind bow shocks
• X-ray emission properties of the old pulsar PSR B2224+65
• The young pulsar PSR B0540-69.3 and its synchrotron nebula in the optical and X-rays
• Ejecta, Dust, and Synchrotron Radiation in B0540-69.3: A More Crab-Like Remnant than the Crab
• Deep Chandra Observations of the Crab-like Pulsar Wind Nebula G54.1+0.3 and Spitzer Spectroscopy of the Associated Infrared Shell
• Escape from Vela X
• Chandra Observations of the Young Pulsar PSR B0540-69
• Synchrotron-Loss Spectral Breaks in Pulsar-Wind Nebulae and Extragalactic Jets
• Multiband Emission from Pulsar Wind Nebulae: A Possible Injection Spectrum
• Chandra Observation of PSR B1823-13 and its Pulsar Wind Nebula
• Heartbeat of the Mouse: a young radio pulsar associated with the axisymmetric nebula G359.23-0.82
• The wind nebula around magnetar Swift J1834.9-0846
• NuSTAR study of Hard X-Ray Morphology and Spectroscopy of PWN G21.5-0.9
• Implications of H.E.S.S. observations of pulsar wind nebulae
• The Vela-X Pulsar Wind Nebula revisited with 4 years of Fermi-Large Area Telescope observations
• Detection of the Pulsar Wind Nebula HESS J1825-137 with the Fermi Large Area Telescope
• Equilibration processes in the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium
• Time-dependent Modeling of Pulsar Wind Nebulae
• NuSTAR Discovery of a Young, Energetic Pulsar Associated with the Luminous Gamma-ray Source HESS J1640-465
• Optical-uv spectrum and proper motion of the middle-aged pulsar b1055-52
• The Plerionic Supernova Remnant G21.5-0.9 Powered by PSR J1833-1034: New Spectroscopic and Imaging Results Revealed with the Chandra X-ray Observatory
• The Giant Flare of December 27, 2004 from SGR 1806-20
• X-ray Observations of a New Unusual Magnetar Swift J1834.9-0846
• Multi-Zone Modeling of The Pulsar Wind Nebula HESS J1825-137
• Discovery of an Energetic Pulsar Associated with SNR G76.9+1.0
• Precise Chandra Localization of the Soft Gamma-ray Repeater SGR 1806-20
• PSR J0357+3205: the tail of the turtle
• The Plerionic Supernova Remnant G21.5-0.9: In and Out
• Radio Polarization Observations of G319.9-0.7: A Bow-shock Nebula with an Azimuthal Magnetic Field Powered by Pulsar J1509-5850
• The pulsar wind nebula of the Geminga pulsar
• Probing the Nature of the Vela X Cocoon
• Chandra Observations of Outflows from PSR J1509-5850
• G11.2-0.3: The Young Remnant of a Stripped-Envelope Supernova
• Discovery of the source HESS J1356-645 associated with the young and energetic PSR J1357-6429
• A Radio Study of the Mouse, G359.23--0.82
• X-ray analysis of the proper motion and pulsar wind nebula for PSR J1741-2054
• A closer view of the IGR J11014-6103 outflows
• Discovery of a faint X-ray counterpart and of a parsec-long X-ray tail for the middle-aged, gamma-ray only pulsar PSR J0357+3205
• The Pulsar B2224+65 and Its Jets: A Two Epoch X-ray Analysis
• Deep Chandra Observations of the Pulsar Wind Nebula Created by PSR B0355+54
• XMM-Newton view of Swift J1834.9-0846 and its Magnetar Wind Nebula
• Prospects for Observations of Pulsars and Pulsar Wind Nebulae with CTA
• Mass-loading of bow shock pulsar wind nebulae
• The Radio Properties and Magnetic Field Configuration in the Crab-like Pulsar Wind Nebula G54.1+0.3
• New X-ray observations of the Geminga pulsar wind nebula
• HESS J1640-465 - an exceptionally luminous TeV gamma-ray supernova remnant
• Infrared imaging and polarimetric observations of the pulsar wind nebula in SNR G21.5-0.9
• A Proper Motion for the Pulsar Wind Nebula G359.23-0.82, "the Mouse," Associated with the Energetic Radio Pulsar J1747-2958
• Winds, B-Fields, and Magnetotails of Pulsars
• The Double-Lined Spectrum of LBV 1806-20
• Mass loading of pulsar winds
• Unidentified Gamma-Ray Sources as Ancient Pulsar Wind Nebulae
• Learning About the Magnetar Swift J1834.9-0846 from its Wind Nebula
• The Balmer-dominated Bow Shock and Wind Nebula Structure of Gamma-ray Pulsar PSR J1741-2054
• X-ray and radio observations of the magnetar Swift J1834.9-0846 and its dust-scattering halo
• Planck intermediate results. XXXI. Microwave survey of Galactic supernova remnants
• Long-term spectral and timing properties of the soft gamma-ray repeater SGR 1833-0832 and detection of extended X-ray emission around the radio pulsar PSR B1830-08
• G141.2+5.0, a new Pulsar Wind Nebula discovered in the Cygnus Arm of the Milky Way
• PSR J0357+3205: a fast moving pulsar with a very unusual X-ray trail
• Chandra observations of the elusive pulsar wind nebula around PSR B0656+14
• Probing the Pulsar Wind Nebula of PSR B0355+54
• High-Energy X-ray Imaging of the Pulsar Wind Nebula MSH~15-52: Constraints on Particle Acceleration and Transport
• Revised predictions of neutrino fluxes from Pulsar Wind Nebulae
• Extended hard X-ray emission from the Vela pulsar wind nebula
• Hard X-ray observations of PSR J1833-1034 and its associated pulsar wind nebula
• Discovery of gamma and X-ray pulsations from the young and energetic PSR J1357-6429 with Fermi and XMM-Newton
• HE 0141-3932: a bright QSO with an unusual emission line spectrum and associated absorption
• A Chandra search for the pulsar wind nebula around PSR B1055-52
• A rotationally-powered magnetar nebula around Swift J1834.9-0846
• New Companions for the lonely Crab? VHE emission from young pulsar wind nebulae revealed by H.E.S.S
• The PSR J1124-5916 wind nebula in the near-infrared
• HESS J1818-154, a new composite supernova remnant discovered in TeV gamma rays and X-rays
• IRAS 15099-5856: Remarkable Mid-Infrared Source with Prominent Crystalline Silicate Emission Embedded in the Supernova Remnant MSH15-52
• The X-ray Halo of G21.5-0.9
• On the possible wind nebula of magnetar Swift J1834.9-0846: a magnetism-powered synchrotron nebula
• A Compact X-ray Source in the Radio Pulsar-Wind Nebula G141.2+5.0
• Detection of thermal X-ray emission in the halo of the plerionic supernova remnant G21.5-0.9
• Magnetohydrodynamic Models for the Structure of Pulsar-Wind Nebulae
• The spectacular X-ray echo of a magnetar burst

Cited by in corpus (57)

• An extreme magneto-ionic environment associated with the fast radio burst source FRB 121102
• A Living Theory Catalogue for Fast Radio Bursts
• A nearby repeating fast radio burst in the direction of M81
• Pulsar Wind Nebulae Created by Fast-Moving Pulsars
• Observatory science with eXTP
• 3D dynamics and morphology of bow-shock Pulsar Wind Nebulae
• Interpreting Crab Nebula synchrotron spectrum: two acceleration mechanisms
• Explanation of the knee-like feature in the DAMPE cosmic $e^{-}+e^{+}$ energy spectrum
• Hard Synchrotron Spectra from Magnetically Dominated Plasma Turbulence
• Brightening X-ray/Optical/Radio Emission of GW170817/SGRB 170817A: Results of an Electron-Positron Wind from the Central Engine?
• The Physics of Pulsar Halos: Research Progress and Prospect
• Radio emission from a decade old Type I superluminous supernova, PTF10hgi: Comparison with FRB121102
• The Mouse Pulsar Wind Nebula
• Reanalyze the pulsar scenario to explain the cosmic positron excess considering the recent developments
• Modeling the γ-ray Pulsar Wind Nebulae population in our Galaxy
• Pitch-Angle Anisotropy Imprinted by Relativistic Magnetic Reconnection
• Discovery of extended infrared emission around the neutron star RX J0806.4-4123
• Additional evidence for a pulsar wind nebula in the heart of SN 1987A from multi-epoch X-ray data and MHD modeling
• On the broad-band synchrotron spectra of pulsar wind nebulae
• Discovery of a Pulsar-powered Bow Shock Nebula in the Small Magellanic Cloud Supernova Remnant DEMS5
• Toward understanding the physical underpinnings of spatial and spectral morphologies of pulsar wind nebulae
• Turbulent model of Crab nebula radiation
• {\it NuSTAR} hard X-ray studies of the pulsar wind nebula 3C~58
• Chandra Monitoring of the J1809-1917 Pulsar Wind Nebula and Its Field
• Millisecond Pulsars Modify the Radio-SFR Correlation in Quiescent Galaxies
• Atacama Compact Array Observations of the Pulsar-Wind Nebula of SNR 0540-69.3
• Self-consistent interpretations of the multi-wavelength gamma-ray spectrum of LHAASO J0621$+$3755
• A NuSTAR and Chandra Investigation of the Misaligned Outflow of PSR J1101-6101 and the Lighthouse Pulsar Wind Nebula
• XMM-Newton observations of a gamma-ray pulsar J0633+0632: pulsations, cooling and large-scale emission
• Middle aged $\gamma$-ray pulsar J1957+5033 in X-rays: pulsations, thermal emission and nebula
• PeV proton acceleration in Gamma-ray Binaries
• The Variable Pulsar Wind Nebula of PSR J1809-1917
• X-ray studies of the gamma-ray pulsar J1826-1256 and its pulsar wind nebula with Chandra and XMM-Newton
• Discovery of a Pulsar Wind Nebula around B0950+08 with the ELWA
• On the Gamma-Ray Nebula of Vela Pulsar. I. Very Slow Diffusion of Energetic Electrons within the TeV Nebula
• Fast as Potoroo: Radio Continuum Detection of a Bow-Shock Pulsar Wind Nebula Powered by Pulsar J1638-4713
• Features of the gamma-ray pulsar halo HESS J1831$-$098
• Phase-resolved hard X-ray emission of the high-mass binary LS 5039: a spectral hardening above 50 keV detected with INTEGRAL
• Discovery of a radio nebula around PSR J0855-4644
• Fast moving pulsars as probes of interstellar medium
• SED modelling of broadband emission in the pulsar wind nebula 3C 58
• High-Resolution Radio Study of the Dragonfly Nebula
• The Impact of the Environment of White Dwarf Mergers on Fast Radio Bursts
• Spatial Variations and Breaks in the Optical-NIR spectra of the Pulsar and PWN in SNR 0540-69.3
• "The Goose" Pulsar Wind Nebula of PSR J1016-5857: The Birth of a Plerion
• Chandra X-ray Observations of PSR J1849-0001, its Pulsar Wind Nebula, and the TeV Source HESS J1849-000
• The middle-aged pulsar PSR J1741-2054 and its bow-shock nebula in far ultraviolet
• Chandra measurements of the proper motion of the $\gamma$-ray pulsar J0633+0632
• PHECT: A lightweight computation tool for pulsar halo emission
• Discrete treatment of inverse Compton scattering: implications on parameter estimation in gamma-ray astronomy
• Chandra Observation of PWN G16.73+0.08 in SNR G16.7+0.1
• XMM-Newton and Chandra observations of the candidate Fermi-LAT pulsar 4FGL J1015.5-6030
• The Eel Pulsar Wind Nebula: a PeVatron-Candidate Origin for HAWC J1826-128 and HESS J1826-130
• Unveiling the nature of the unidentified gamma-ray sources 4FGL J1908.6+0915e, HESS J1907+089/HOTS J1907+091, and 3HWC J1907+085 in the sky region of the magnetar SGR 1900+14
• Filamentation of the electromagnetic precursor in relativistic quasi-perpendicular electron-positron shocks
• New estimate for the contribution of the Geminga pulsar to the positron excess
• A deep Chandra study verifies diffuse non-thermal X-ray emission from the globular cluster Terzan 5