Pulsar-wind nebulae and magnetar outflows: observations at radio, X-ray, and gamma-ray wavelengths

Abstract

We review observations of several classes of neutron-star-powered outflows: pulsar-wind nebulae (PWNe) inside shell supernova remnants (SNRs), PWNe interacting directly with interstellar medium (ISM), and magnetar-powered outflows. We describe radio, X-ray, and gamma-ray observations of PWNe, focusing first on integrated spectral-energy distributions (SEDs) and global spectral properties. High-resolution X-ray imaging of PWNe shows a bewildering array of morphologies, with jets, trails, and other structures. Several of the 23 so far identified magnetars show evidence for continuous or sporadic emission of material, sometimes associated with giant flares, and a few possible "magnetar-wind nebulae" have been recently identified.

61 pages, 44 figures (reduced in quality for size reasons). Published in Space Science Reviews, "Jets and Winds in Pulsar Wind Nebulae, Gamma-ray Bursts and Blazars: Physics of Extreme Energy Release"

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• Additional evidence for a pulsar wind nebula in the heart of SN 1987A from multi-epoch X-ray data and MHD modeling
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• Discovery of a Pulsar-powered Bow Shock Nebula in the Small Magellanic Cloud Supernova Remnant DEMS5
• Toward understanding the physical underpinnings of spatial and spectral morphologies of pulsar wind nebulae
• Chandra Monitoring of the J1809-1917 Pulsar Wind Nebula and Its Field
• Turbulent model of Crab nebula radiation
• {\it NuSTAR} hard X-ray studies of the pulsar wind nebula 3C~58
• Atacama Compact Array Observations of the Pulsar-Wind Nebula of SNR 0540-69.3
• Self-consistent interpretations of the multi-wavelength gamma-ray spectrum of LHAASO J0621$+$3755
• A NuSTAR and Chandra Investigation of the Misaligned Outflow of PSR J1101-6101 and the Lighthouse Pulsar Wind Nebula
• Middle aged $\gamma$-ray pulsar J1957+5033 in X-rays: pulsations, thermal emission and nebula
• XMM-Newton observations of a gamma-ray pulsar J0633+0632: pulsations, cooling and large-scale emission
• PeV proton acceleration in Gamma-ray Binaries
• X-ray studies of the gamma-ray pulsar J1826-1256 and its pulsar wind nebula with Chandra and XMM-Newton
• Discovery of a Pulsar Wind Nebula around B0950+08 with the ELWA
• On the Gamma-Ray Nebula of Vela Pulsar. I. Very Slow Diffusion of Energetic Electrons within the TeV Nebula
• Fast as Potoroo: Radio Continuum Detection of a Bow-Shock Pulsar Wind Nebula Powered by Pulsar J1638-4713
• Features of the gamma-ray pulsar halo HESS J1831$-$098
• Phase-resolved hard X-ray emission of the high-mass binary LS 5039: a spectral hardening above 50 keV detected with INTEGRAL
• The Impact of the Environment of White Dwarf Mergers on Fast Radio Bursts
• High-Resolution Radio Study of the Dragonfly Nebula
• "The Goose" Pulsar Wind Nebula of PSR J1016-5857: The Birth of a Plerion
• Spatial Variations and Breaks in the Optical-NIR spectra of the Pulsar and PWN in SNR 0540-69.3
• Chandra X-ray Observations of PSR J1849-0001, its Pulsar Wind Nebula, and the TeV Source HESS J1849-000
• The middle-aged pulsar PSR J1741-2054 and its bow-shock nebula in far ultraviolet
• PHECT: A lightweight computation tool for pulsar halo emission
• Chandra Observation of PWN G16.73+0.08 in SNR G16.7+0.1
• Discrete treatment of inverse Compton scattering: implications on parameter estimation in gamma-ray astronomy
• Chandra measurements of the proper motion of the $\gamma$-ray pulsar J0633+0632
• XMM-Newton and Chandra observations of the candidate Fermi-LAT pulsar 4FGL J1015.5-6030
• Filamentation of the electromagnetic precursor in relativistic quasi-perpendicular electron-positron shocks
• The Eel Pulsar Wind Nebula: a PeVatron-Candidate Origin for HAWC J1826-128 and HESS J1826-130
• New estimate for the contribution of the Geminga pulsar to the positron excess
• Unveiling the nature of the unidentified gamma-ray sources 4FGL J1908.6+0915e, HESS J1907+089/HOTS J1907+091, and 3HWC J1907+085 in the sky region of the magnetar SGR 1900+14
• A deep Chandra study verifies diffuse non-thermal X-ray emission from the globular cluster Terzan 5