Extragalactic Background Light Inferred from AEGIS Galaxy SED-type Fractions

Abstract

The extragalactic background light (EBL) is of fundamental importance both for understanding the entire process of galaxy evolution and for gamma-ray astronomy, but the overall spectrum of the EBL between 0.1-1000 microns has never been determined directly from galaxy spectral energy distribution (SED) observations over a wide redshift range. The evolving, overall spectrum of the EBL is derived here utilizing a novel method based on observations only. This is achieved from the observed evolution of the rest-frame K-band galaxy luminosity function up to redshift 4 (Cirasuolo et al. 2010), combined with a determination of galaxy SED-type fractions. These are based on fitting SWIRE templates to a multiwavelength sample of about 6000 galaxies in the redshift range from 0.2 to 1 from the All-wavelength Extended Groth Strip International Survey (AEGIS). The changing fractions of quiescent galaxies, star-forming galaxies, starburst galaxies and AGN galaxies in that redshift range are estimated, and two alternative extrapolations of SED-types to higher redshifts are considered. This allows calculation of the evolution of the luminosity densities from the UV to the IR, the evolving star formation rate density of the universe, the evolving contribution to the bolometric EBL from the different galaxy populations including AGN galaxies and the buildup of the EBL. Our EBL calculations are compared with those from a semi-analytic model, from another observationally-based model and observational data. The EBL uncertainties in our modeling based directly on the data are quantified, and their consequences for attenuation of very high energy gamma-rays due to pair production on the EBL are discussed. It is concluded that the EBL is well constrained from the UV to the mid-IR, but independent efforts from infrared and gamma-ray astronomy are needed in order to reduce the uncertainties in the far-IR.

25 pages, 18 figures, 4 tables; accepted for publication in MNRAS on September 3, 2010. Online material available at http://side.iaa.es/EBL

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• Limits on Lorentz invariance violation at the Planck energy scale from H.E.S.S. spectral analysis of the blazar Mrk 501
• Searching for Gamma-Ray counterparts to Gravitational Waves from merging binary neutron stars with the Cherenkov Telescope Array
• SKYSURF: Constraints on Zodiacal Light and Extragalactic Background Light through Panchromatic HST All-Sky Surface-Brightness Measurements: II. First Limits on Diffuse Light at 1.25, 1.4, and 1.6 microns
• The isotropic interplanetary dust cloud and near-infrared extragalactic background light observed with COBE/DIRBE
• The cosmic spectral energy distribution in the EAGLE simulation
• The HAWC real-time flare monitor for rapid detection of transient events
• Searching Lorentz invariance violation from cosmic photon attenuation
• Emitting Electron Spectra and Acceleration Processes in the Jet of PKS 0447-439
• Universe opacity and CMB
• Measuring Ambient Densities and Lorentz Factors of Gamma-Ray Bursts from GeV and Optical Observations
• Multiband optical flux density and polarization microvariability study of optically bright blazars
• Effect of axion-like particles on the spectrum of the extragalactic gamma-ray background
• Revisiting Lorentz invariance violation from GRB 221009A
• Can we constrain the extragalactic magnetic field from very high energy observations of GRB 190114C?
• Characterising the signatures of star-forming galaxies in the extra-galactic $\gamma$-ray background
• Novel Gamma-Ray Signatures of PeV-Scale Dark Matter
• Prospects for future very high-energy gamma-ray sky survey: impact of secondary gamma rays
• The Spectra of IceCube Neutrino (SIN) candidate sources -- V. Modeling and interpretation of multiwavelength and neutrino data
• Investigation of the Gamma-ray Spectrum of CTA 102 During the Exceptional Flaring State in 2016-2017
• A two-component model for the high-energy variability of blazars. Application to PKS 2155-304
• A significant hardening and rising shape detected in the MeV/GeV nuFnu spectrum from the recently-discovered very-high-energy blazar S4 0954+65 during the bright optical flare in 2015 February
• A two-zone photohadronic scenario for EHBL-like behavior of Mrk 501
• Using the Extragalactic Gamma-Ray Background to Constrain the Hubble Constant and Matter Density of the Universe
• Curvature in the very-high energy gamma-ray spectrum of M87
• Strategies for the Follow-up of Gravitational Wave Transients with the Cherenkov Telescope Array
• Estimation of the Extragalactic Background Light using TeV Observations of BL~Lacs
• Multimessenger Gamma-Ray and Neutrino Coincidence Alerts using HAWC and IceCube sub-threshold Data
• Extragalactic diffuse gamma-rays from dark matter annihilation: revised prediction and full modelling uncertainties
• Novel Techniques for Decomposing Diffuse Backgrounds
• Light scalar explanation for 18 TeV GRB 221009A
• Extragalactic Observatory Science with the ASTRI Mini-Array at the Observatorio del Teide
• Search for spectral features in extragalactic background light with gamma-ray telescopes
• The sensitivity of Cherenkov telescopes to dark matter and astrophysical anisotropies in the diffuse gamma-ray background
• Impact of Plasma Instability on Constraint of the Intergalactic Magnetic Field
• Novel bounds on decaying axionlike particle dark matter from the cosmic background
• Long-term multi-wavelength study of 1ES 0647+250
• Constraints on the location of the gamma-ray emission region for the gamma-ray-loud radio source GB 1310+487
• High zenith angle observations of PKS 2155-304 with the MAGIC-I telescope
• Isotropic extragalactic flux from dark matter annihilations: lessons from interacting dark matter scenarios
• On the redshift of the very high energy γ-ray BL Lac object S2 0109+22
• Mapping the low surface brightness Universe in the UV band with Lya emission from IGM filaments
• Can Sterile Neutrino Explain Very High Energy Photons from GRB221009A?
• EBL Inhomogeneity and Hard-Spectrum Gamma-Ray Sources
• The contribution from blazar cascade emission to the extragalactic gamma-ray background: What a role does the extragalactic magnetic field play?
• Modelling the propagation of very-high-energy gamma rays with the CRbeam code: Comparison with CRPropa and ELMAG codes
• Multi-wavelength radiation models for low-luminosity GRBs, and the implications for UHECRs
• Extreme HBL-like behavior of Markarian 421 and its two-zone photohadronic interpretation
• Prospects for gamma-ray observations of narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies with the Cherenkov Telescope Array II. Gamma-gamma absorption in the broad-line region radiation fields
• Hunting distant BL Lacs with the photometric technique using Swift and SARA
• Optical Spectroscopy of Blazars for the Cherenkov Telescope Array -- II
• Galactic and Extragalactic Sources of Very High Energy Gamma-rays
• Putting the hadron beam scenario for extreme blazars to the test with the Cherenkov Telescope Array
• Ultrahigh energy cosmic rays and neutrinos from light nuclei composition
• Searching for TeV Candidates in 4LAC High-synchrotron-peaked Frequency BL Lac Objects
• Constraints on the Intergalactic Magnetic Field from Bow Ties in the Gamma-ray Sky
• Multi-wavelength study of Mrk 421 TeV flare observed with \emph{TACTIC} telescope in February 2010
• Redshift prediction of Fermi-LAT gamma-ray sources using CatBoost gradient boosting decision trees
• A delayed 400 GeV photon from GRB 221009A and implication on the intergalactic magnetic field
• Detection of very high-energy gamma-ray emission from the radio galaxy M87 with LHAASO
• Implications of photon-ALP oscillations in the extragalactic neutrino source TXS 0506+056 at sub-PeV energies
• Blazar OJ 287 After First VHE Activity: Tracking the Re-emergence of the HBL like Component in 2020
• Identifying the 3FHL catalog: V. Results of the CTIO-COSMOS optical spectroscopy campaign 2019
• A two-zone photohadronic interpretation of the EHBL-like behavior of the 2016 multi-TeV flares of 1ES 1959+650
• Normalization of the extragalactic background light from high-energy gamma-ray observations
• Multi-TeV photons from GRB 221009A: uncertainty of optical depth considered
• Revisiting the proton synchrotron radiation in blazar jets: Possible contributions from X-ray to $\gamma$-ray bands
• A self-consistent interpretation of the GeV-TeV emission from a distant blazar PKS 1424+240
• Quantum gravity phenomenology at the dawn of the multi-messenger era -- A review
• High-Energy Gamma Rays and Neutrinos from Nearby Radio Galaxies
• SKYSURF-4: Panchromatic HST All-Sky Surface-Brightness Measurement Methods and Results
• First limits on the very-high energy gamma-ray afterglow emission of a fast radio burst: H.E.S.S. observations of FRB 150418
• Constraining the star formation rate with the extragalactic background light
• Study of short term enhanced TeV $\gamma$- ray emission from Mrk 421 observed with TACTIC on December 28, 2014
• The Intrinsic Gamma-Ray Spectrum of TXS 0506+056: Intergalactic Propagation Effects
• Probing $\mu$eV ALPs with future LHAASO observation of AGN $\gamma$-ray spectra
• Lepto-hadronic jet-disc model for the multi-wavelength SED of M87
• The photo-disintegration of ${}^4$He on the cosmic microwave background is less severe than earlier thought
• Theoretical modeling of the exceptional GRB 221009A afterglow
• Limits on dark matter annihilation in prompt cusps from the isotropic gamma-ray background
• Extragalactic background light models and GeV-TeV observation of blazars
• Modification of the mean free path of very high energy photons due to a relativistic deformed kinematics
• The Exceptional Flare of Mrk 501 in 2014: Combined Observations with H.E.S.S. and FACT
• Neutrino production in Population III microquasars
• Multiwavelength study of the gravitationally lensed blazar QSO B0218+357 between 2016 and 2020
• Lower Bound on the Cosmic TeV Gamma-ray Background Radiation
• Multi-epoch leptohadronic modeling of neutrino source candidate blazar PKS 0735+178
• Upper Bound on the First Star Formation History
• Detection of VHE gamma-ray transients with monitoring facilities
• Data-driven detection of multi-messenger transients
• VERITAS Observations of Six Bright, Hard-Spectrum Fermi-LAT Blazars
• A strong limit on the very-high-energy emission from GRB 150323A
• Model-independent Redshift Estimation of BL Lac Objects through VHE Observations
• On conservative models of "the pair-production anomaly" in blazar spectra at Very High Energies
• Universe opacity and EBL
• Revisiting the TeV detection prospects for radio galaxies
• Very-High-Energy Gamma-Ray Afterglows of GRB 201015A and GRB 201216C
• Lorentz invariance violation from GRB221009A
• Prospects for $\gamma$-ray observations of the Perseus galaxy cluster with the Cherenkov Telescope Array
• VERITAS discovery of very high energy gamma-ray emission from S3 1227+25 and multiwavelength observations
• Fireballs from Superconducting Cosmic Strings
• Radio VLBA polarization and multi-band monitoring of the high-redshift quasar S5 0836+710 during a high activity period
• Observable spectral and angular distributions of $\gamma$-rays from extragalactic ultrahigh energy cosmic ray accelerators: the case of extreme TeV blazars
• Near-infrared Extragalactic Background Light Fluctuations on Nonlinear Scales
• Imprint of "Local Opacity" Effect in Gamma-Ray Spectrum of Blazar Jet
• The observability of plasmoid-powered $\gamma$-ray flares with the Fermi Large Area Telescope
• $\gamma$-Cascade V4: A Semi-Analytical Code for Modeling Cosmological Gamma-Ray Propagation
• On the narrow spectral feature at $\sim$3 TeV in the MAGIC spectrum of Mrk 501
• First detection of VHE gamma-ray emission from TXS~1515--273, study of its X-ray variability and spectral energy distribution
• The extragalactic background light from the measurements of the attenuation of high-energy gamma-ray spectrum
• Probing the evolution of the EBL photon density out to $z\sim 1$ via $\gamma$-ray propagation measurements with Fermi
• Addressing $\gamma$-ray emissions from dark matter annihilations in 45 milky way satellite galaxies and in extragalactic sources with particle dark matter models
• Probing photon-ALP oscillations from the MAGIC observations of FSRQ QSO B1420+326
• Fermi-LAT high $z$ AGN and the Extragalactic Background Light
• Multi-messenger High-Energy Signatures of Decaying Dark Matter and the Effect of Background Light
• The origin of multi-TeV flares from the nearest blazar Markarian 421
• Multiwavelength Observations of the Blazar VER J0521+211 During an Elevated TeV Gamma-Ray State
• Very High Energy Afterglow of Structured Jets: GW 170817 and Prospects for Future Detections
• EBL effect on the observation of multi-TeV flaring of 2009 from Markarian 501
• Photohadronic model for the neutrino and $\gamma$-ray emission from TXS 0506+056
• Constraining gravitational-wave backgrounds from conversions into photons in the Galactic magnetic field
• VERITAS and Fermi-LAT constraints on the Gamma-ray Emission from Superluminous Supernovae SN2015bn and SN2017egm
• Probing Large-scale UV Background Inhomogeneity Associated with Quasars using Metal Absorption
• Photohadronic interpretation of the different incarnation of 1ES 2344+514
• Insights from the first flaring activity of a high-synchrotron-peaked blazar with X-ray polarization and VHE gamma rays
• Photohadronic scenario in interpreting the February-March 2014 flare of 1ES 1011+496
• NuSTAR Observations and multi-wavelength modeling of the high-redshift BL Lac Object 4FGL J2146.5-1344
• Spontaneously quenched gamma-ray spectra from compact sources
• A Model of the Cosmic Infrared Background Produced by Distant Galaxies
• Spectrophotometric measurement of the Extragalacic Background Light
• Multi-messenger emission from magnetic reconnection in blazar jets: the case of TXS 0506+056
• Absorption features in sub-TeV gamma-ray spectra of BL Lac objects
• Constraints on Lorentz invariance violation from the extraordinary Mrk 421 flare of 2014 using a novel analysis method
• The nature of the intrinsic spectra from the VHE emission of H 2356-309 and 1ES 1101-232
• Identifying TeV Source Candidates among Fermi-LAT Unclassified Blazars
• Contemporaneous broadband observations of three high-redshift BL Lac Objects
• MeV dark energy emission from a de Sitter Universe
• The relation between optical and $\gamma$-ray emission in BL Lac sources
• Cherenkov telescope array extragalactic survey discovery potential and the impact of axion-like particles and secondary gamma rays
• Propagation of very-high-energy $\gamma$-rays from distant blazars
• Artificial Neural Networks for cosmic gamma-ray propagation in the Universe
• The `blazar sequence' in TeV band
• Constraints on the very high energy gamma-ray emission from short GRBs with HAWC
• Time dependent numerical model for the very high energy emissions of distant gamma-ray busrt GRB 201216C
• New GTC Spectroscopic Data and a Statistical Study to Better Constrain the Redshift of the BL Lac RGB J2243+203
• Surprises from extragalactic propagation of UHECRs
• Active galactic nuclei through the prism of galaxy clusters: bounds on axion-like particles
• Gamma-Ray Burst detection prospects for next generation ground-based VHE facilities
• Multi-wavelength study of OT 081: broadband modelling of a transitional blazar
• Very High Energy Flat Spectral Radio Quasar Candidates
• Photohadronic Modelling of the 2010 Gamma-ray Flare from Mrk 421
• Constraints on Physical Conditions for the Acceleration on Ultra-high-energy Cosmic Rays in Nearby Active Galactic Nuclei Observed with the Fermi Large Area Telescope
• Searching for photon-ALPs mixing effects in AGN gamma-ray energy spectra
• On the possible contributions of two nearby blazars to the NGC 4151 neutrino hotspot
• Discovery of very-high-energy emission from RGB J2243+203 and derivation of its redshift upper limit
• Probing Gamma-Ray Burst afterglows with the Cherenkov Telescope Array
• Probing the IGMF with the next generation Cherenkov telescopes
• Absorption effects in the blazar's gamma-ray spectra due to luminous stars crossing the jet
• Time-Dependent Modeling of the Sub-Hour Spectral Evolution During the 2013 Outburst of Mrk 421
• 2FHL J0826.1-4500: Discovery of a possible shock-cloud interaction on the Western edge of the Vela SNR
• On the Redshifts of the BL Lac 3FGL J0909.0+2310 and its Close Companion
• A Unified Multi-Wavelength Data Analysis Workflow with gammapy. Constraining the Broadband Emission of FSRQ OP 313
• TeV afterglow from GRB 221009A: photohadronic origin?
• Fermi-LAT detection of A new starburst galaxy candidate: IRAS 13052-5711
• Very-high-energy gamma-ray detection and long-term multi-wavelength view of the flaring blazar B2 1811+31
• Hillas meets Eddington: The case for blazars as ultra-high-energy neutrino sources
• Constraints on Extragalactic Background Light using TeV Observations of BL Lacertae objects
• Constraints on VHE gamma-ray emission of Flat Spectrum Radio Quasars with the MAGIC telescopes
• Constraints on Axion-Like Particles from VERITAS Observations of a Flaring Radio Galaxy in the Perseus Cluster
• Delayed teraelectronvolt emission from GRB 980425/SN 1998bw and the origin of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays
• Ultra High Energy Neutrino Event KM3-230213A as a Signal of Electroweak Vacuum Turbulence in Merging Black Hole Binaries
• Central Engine and Spectral Energy Distribution Properties of High Redshift Gamma Ray Blazars
• Modelling multiwavelength afterglows of the VHE-GRB population
• Constraints on the Optical-IR extragalactic background from gamma-ray absorption studies
• Search for Very-High-Energy Gamma Rays from the z = 0.896 Quasar 4C +55.17 with the MAGIC telescopes
• Constraints on the intergalactic magnetic field from Fermi-LAT observations of GRB 221009A
• GRB 221009A: Observations with LST-1 of CTAO and Implications for Structured Jets in Long Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Prospects for detection of the pair-echo emission from TeV gamma-ray bursts
• Probing the extragalactic mid-infrared background with HAWC
• Revisiting the propagation of highly-energetic gamma rays in the Galaxy
• TeV Afterglows of Gamma-Ray Bursts: Theoretical Analysis and Prospects for Future Observations
• Jet physics of accreting super-massive black holes in the era of the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope
• Follow-up of Neutron Star Mergers with CTA and Prospects for Joint Detection with Gravitational-Wave Detectors
• VHE $\gamma$-ray observations of bright BL Lacs with the Large-Sized Telescope prototype (LST-1) of the CTAO
• Redshift constrain of BL Lac PKS 1424+240
• Gamma-ray emission in radio galaxies, from MeV to TeV
• First detection of VHE gamma-ray signal from the FSRQ TON 0599
• The TeV Blazar Measurement of the Extragalactic Background Light
• Characterisation of the Atmosphere in Very High Energy Gamma-Astronomy for Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes
• Impact of galactic and intergalactic dust on the stellar EBL
• The Contribution of Galaxies to the $3.4\mu \mathrm{m}$ Cosmic Infrared Background as Measured Using WISE
• Constraining the redshift of BL Lac VER J0521+211
• Looking for the Signals of the Missing Baryons in the Extragalactic Background Light
• Disentangling the nature of the prototype radio weak BL Lac: Contemporaneous multifrequency observations of WISE J141046.00 + 740511.2
• Prospects of additional contribution at Optical-NIR band of EBL in the light of VHE spectra
• The H.E.S.S. extragalactic sky survey with the first decade of observations
• Constraining $z\lesssim 2$ ultraviolet emission with the upcoming ULTRASAT satellite
• The possibility of multi-TeV secondary gamma rays from GRB221009A
• Effects of non-continuous inverse Compton cooling in blazars
• Testing the ubiquitous presence of very high energy emission in gamma-ray bursts with the MAGIC telescopes
• SKYSURF-11: A New Zodiacal Light Model Optimized for Optical Wavelengths
• Very high energy emission mechanism in the extreme blazar PGC 2402248
• The Contribution From TeV Halos to the Isotropic Gamma-Ray Background
• Latest MAGIC discoveries pushing redshift boundaries in VHE Astrophysics
• Revisiting the evidences for spectral anomalies in distant blazars: new data on the photon-ALP mixing
• Searches for very high energy gamma rays from blazars with CANGAROO-III telescope in 2005-2009
• LHAASO Galactic Plane $\gamma$-rays Strongly Constrain Heavy Dark Matter
• H.E.S.S. programme searching for VHE gamma rays associated with FRBs
• A photohadronic interpretation of the H.E.S.S. afterglow observations from GRB 221009A
• SKYSURF. X. A Novel Method for Measuring Integrated Galaxy Light
• The First VHE Activity of OJ 287 and the Extragalactic Background Light
• Constraining dark photon parameters based on the very high energy observations of blazars
• Impact of model parameter degeneracy on leptonic radiation models. The case of blazar multi-wavelength spectra
• Distance estimation of gamma-ray emitting BL Lac objects from imaging observations
• Constraints on axion-like particles from ultra-high-energy observations of M87 with the HAWC observatory
• Time-dependent modelling of short-term variability in the TeV-blazar VER J0521+211 during the major flare in 2020
• An explanation about the flat radio spectrum for Mrk 421
• Catching TeV emission from GRB 221009A and alike with LHAASO, LACT and SWGO
• Jitter Mechanism as a Kind of Coherent Radiation: Constrained by the GRB 221009A Emission at 18 TeV
• Constraints on axionlike particles from 16.5 years of Fermi-LAT data and prospects for VLAST
• Simultaneously unveiling the EBL and intrinsic spectral parameters of gamma-ray sources with Hamiltonian Monte Carlo
• The GPSP Atlas: High-resolution Galactic Photon Survival Probability Atlas for Very-High- and Ultra-High-Energy Gamma-Ray Astronomy
• Standardised formats and open-source analysis tools for the MAGIC telescopes data
• High-Energy Neutrino Production in Clusters of Galaxies
• EBL Constraints Using a Sample of TeV Gamma-Ray Emitters Measured with the MAGIC Telescopes
• A MINOT-based Study of Gamma-ray emission from SPT-CL J2012-5649/Abell 3667
• Blazar flares from plasma blobs crossing the broad-line region
• The January 2010 flare of Mrk421: Insights from a stochastic acceleration model
• Particle Reacceleration by Turbulence and Radio Constraints on Multi-Messenger High-Energy Emission from the Coma Cluster
• Ultra high-energy cosmic rays from beyond the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuz'min horizon
• Very High-energy Afterglow Emission of GRB 190829A: Evidence for Its Hadronic Origin?
• Extreme Blazars Observed with MAGIC: Second Catalog Release
• Sensitivity to Axion-like Particle dark matter with very-high-energy gamma-ray observations of Active Galactic Nuclei located behind Galaxy Clusters
• A precessing jet from a supermassive black hole: multi-wavelength observations of S5 1044+71
• Projected sensitivity of CTAO to axion-like particles from blazars with a machine learning approach
• Temporary EHBL-like behavior of Markarian 501 during July 2014 VHE flaring
• Hunting Star-Forming Galaxies in the Gamma-Ray Domain
• Probing a cosmogenic origin of astrophysical neutrinos and cosmic rays using gamma-ray observations of TXS 0506+056
• Predictions of TeV emission for a set of hard BL Lac objects
• Is There New Physics Beyond 30 TeV in the BOAT?
• SimProp v2r3: Monte Carlo simulation code of UHECR propagation
• The Major Gamma-ray Imaging Cherenkov Telescopes (MAGIC)
• Results from MAGIC Observations of Extragalactic Relativistic Sources
• An empirical approach to the extragalactic background light from AEGIS galaxy SED-type fractions
• The impact of kilonova seed photons on GRB VHE emission
• Broadband Modelling of GRB 230812B Afterglow: Implications for VHE $\gamma$-ray Detection with IACTs