A thirteen-year-long broadband view of BL Lac

Abstract

We present the results of an extensive analysis of the optical, ultraviolet, X-ray and $\gamma$-ray data collected from the observations of the BL Lac objects prototype BL Lacertae carried out over a period of nearly 13 years, between August 2008 and March 2021. The source is characterized by strongly variable emission at all frequencies, often accompanied by spectral changes. In the $\gamma$-ray band several prominent flares have been detected, the largest one reaching the flux of $F_{\gamma }(>196.7\mathrm{MeV})=(4.39\pm 1.01)\times 10^{-6}\mathrm{photon}\mathrm{c}{\mathrm{m}}^{-2}{\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$. The X-ray spectral variability of the source during the brightest flare on MJD 59128.18 (06 October 2020) was characterized by a softer-when-brighter trend due to a shift of the synchrotron peak to $\sim 10^{16}$ Hz, well into the HBL domain. The widely changing multiwavelength emission of BL Lacertae was systematically investigated by fitting leptonic models that include synchrotron self-Compton and external Compton components to 511 high-quality and quasi-simultaneous broad-band spectral energy distributions (SEDs). The majority of selected SEDs can be adequately fitted within a one-zone model with reasonable parameters. Only 46 SEDs with soft and bright X-ray spectra and when the source was observed in very high energy $\gamma$-ray bands can be explained in a two-zone leptonic scenario. The HBL behaviour observed during the brightest X-ray flare is interpreted as due to the emergence of synchrotron emission from freshly accelerated particles in a second emission zone located beyond the broad line region.

Accepted for publication in MNRAS

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• BL Lacertae under the Flare of 2024: Probing Temporal and Spectral Dynamics
• Spectral Energy Distribution Modeling of BL Lacertae During a Large Submillimeter Outburst and Low X-Ray Polarization State
• A numerical study on the role of instabilities on multi-wavelength emission signatures of blazar jets
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