An observational determination of the evolving extragalactic background light from the multiwavelength HST/CANDELS survey in the Fermi and CTA era

Abstract

The diffuse extragalactic background light (EBL) is formed by ultraviolet (UV), optical, and infrared (IR) photons mainly produced by star formation processes over the history of the Universe, and contains essential information about galaxy evolution and cosmology. Here, we present a new determination of the evolving EBL spectral energy distribution using a novel approach purely based on galaxy data aiming to reduce current uncertainties on the higher redshifts and IR intensities. Our calculations use multiwavelength observations from the UV to the far-IR of a sample of approximately 150,000 galaxies detected up to $z\sim 6$ in the five fields of the Cosmic Assembly Near-Infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey (CANDELS) from the Hubble Space Telescope. This is one of the most comprehensive and deepest multi-wavelength galaxy datasets ever obtained. These unprecedented resources allow us to derive the overall EBL evolution up to $z\sim 6$ and its uncertainties. Our results agree with cosmic observables estimated from galaxy surveys and $\gamma$-ray attenuation such as monochromatic luminosity densities, including those in the far-IR, and star formation rate densities, also at the highest redshits. Optical depths from our EBL approximation, which will be robust at high redshifts and for $\gamma$ rays up to tens of TeV, will be reported in a companion paper.

arXiv comment17 pages, 13 figures, 4 tables; accepted for publication in MNRAS on August 6, 2021. Online material available at https://www.ucm.es/blazars/ebl

References in corpus (134)

• Maps of Dust IR Emission for Use in Estimation of Reddening and CMBR Foregrounds
• Galactic Stellar and Substellar Initial Mass Function
• Star Formation in Galaxies Along the Hubble Sequence
• Cosmic Star Formation History
• The Average Star Formation Histories of Galaxies in Dark Matter Halos from z=0-8
• CANDELS: The Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey
• CANDELS: The Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey - The Hubble Space Telescope Observations, Imaging Data Products and Mosaics
• UniverseMachine: The Correlation between Galaxy Growth and Dark Matter Halo Assembly from z=0-10
• Radiative transfer in a clumpy universe: IV. New synthesis models of the cosmic UV/X-ray background
• Planck 2018 results. V. CMB power spectra and likelihoods
• Dust Absorption And The Ultraviolet Luminosity Density At z \approx 3 As Calibrated By Local Starburst Galaxies
• Interpreting the Cosmic Infrared Background: Constraints on the Evolution of the Dust Enshrouded Star Formation Rate
• Mass assembly in quiescent and star-forming galaxies since z=4 from UltraVISTA
• Evidence for strong extragalactic magnetic fields from Fermi observations of TeV blazars
• Detection of quiescent galaxies in a bicolor sequence from z=0-2
• The extragalactic optical-infrared background radiations, their time evolution and the cosmic photon-photon opacity
• The Infrared Spectral Energy Distribution of Normal Star-Forming Galaxies: Calibration at Far-Infrared and Submillimeter Wavelengths
• Spectral Energy Distributions of Hard X-ray selected AGNs in the XMDS Survey
• The Dust Opacity of Star-Forming Galaxies
• The Cosmic Infrared Background: Measurements and Implications
• Extragalactic Background Light Inferred from AEGIS Galaxy SED-type Fractions
• The COBE Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment Search for the Cosmic Infrared Background: I. Limits and Detections
• The stellar mass assembly of galaxies from z=0 to z=4. Analysis of a sample selected in the rest-frame near-infrared with Spitzer
• Determining Star Formation Rates for Infrared Galaxies
• The All-wavelength Extended Groth Strip International Survey (AEGIS) Data Sets
• Extrapolation of Galactic Dust Emission at 100 Microns to CMBR Frequencies Using FIRAS
• A Steep Faint-End Slope of the UV Luminosity Function at z~2-3: Implications for the Global Stellar Mass Density and Star Formation in Low Mass Halos
• Modeling the Extragalactic Background Light from Stars and Dust
• A low level of extragalactic background light as revealed by gamma-rays from blazars
• CANDELS Multi-wavelength Catalogs: Source Detection and Photometry in the GOODS-South Field
• Semi-analytic modeling of the EBL and consequences for extragalactic gamma-ray spectra
• The Cosmic Infrared Background Resolved by Spitzer. Contributions of Mid-Infrared Galaxies to the Far-Infrared Background
• Spitzer view on the evolution of star-forming galaxies from z=0 to z~3
• The NEWFIRM Medium-band Survey: Photometric Catalogs, Redshifts and the Bimodal Color Distribution of Galaxies out to z~3
• An updated analytic model for the attenuation by the intergalactic medium
• Very-High-Energy Gamma Rays from a Distant Quasar: How Transparent Is the Universe?
• On Star Formation Rates and Star Formation Histories of Galaxies out to z ~ 3
• The intergalactic magnetic field constrained by Fermi/LAT observations of the TeV blazar 1ES 0229+200
• Deep Galaxy Counts, Extragalactic Background Light, and the Stellar Baryon Budget
• The GALEX-VVDS Measurement of the Evolution of the Far-Ultraviolet Luminosity Density and the Cosmic Star Formation Rate
• CANDELS Multiwavelength catalogs: Source Identification and Photometry in the CANDELS UKIDSS Ultra-Deep Survey Field
• Cosmic Variance in the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey
• The galaxy stellar mass function at 3.5<z<7.5 in the CANDELS/UDS, GOODS-South, and HUDF fields
• The Star Formation Rate Density and Dust Attenuation Evolution over 12 Gyr with the VVDS Surveys
• ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field: The Infrared Excess of UV-selected z=2-10 galaxies as a function of UV-continuum Slope and Stellar Mass
• The Imprint of The Extragalactic Background Light in the Gamma-Ray Spectra of Blazars
• New constraints on the Mid-IR EBL from the HESS discovery of VHE gamma rays from 1ES 0229+200
• The Galaxy-Halo Connection Over The Last 13.3 Gyrs
• The Extragalactic Background Light and the Gamma-ray Opacity of the Universe
• Galaxy Properties from the Ultra-violet to the Far-Infrared: Lambda-CDM models confront observations
• Invariance Violation Extends the Cosmic Ray Horizon ?
• Time Delay of Cascade Radiation for TeV Blazars and the Measurement of the Intergalactic Magnetic Field
• HerMES: deep number counts at 250, 350, and 500 microns in the COSMOS and GOODS-N fields and the build-up of the cosmic infrared background
• New limits on the density of the extragalactic background light in the optical to the far-infrared from the spectra of all known TeV blazars
• GAMA/G10-COSMOS/3D-HST: The 0<z<5 cosmic star-formation history, stellar- and dust-mass densities
• The extragalactic background light, the Hubble constant, and anomalies: conclusions from 20 years of TeV gamma-ray observations
• CANDELS Multiwavelength Catalogs: Source Identification and Photometry in the CANDELS Extended Groth Strip
• On the redshift evolution (0 < z < 4) of dust attenuation and of the total (UV+IR) star formation rate density
• IRTS observation of the near-infrared extragalactic background light
• The extragalactic background light revisited and the cosmic photon-photon opacity
• The Evolution of Galaxy Number Density at z < 8 and its Implications
• The CANDELS/SHARDS multi-wavelength catalog in GOODS-N: Photometry, Photometric Redshifts, Stellar Masses, Emission line fluxes and Star Formation Rates
• Over half of the far-infrared background light comes from galaxies at z >= 1.2
• The K20 survey. V The evolution of the near-IR Luminosity Function
• Hints of the existence of Axion-Like-Particles from the gamma-ray spectra of cosmological sources
• BLAST: Resolving the Cosmic Submillimeter Background
• A Lower-Limit Flux for the Extragalactic Background Light
• Search for Spatial Extension in High-Latitude Sources Detected by the Fermi Large Area Telescope
• A $\gamma$-ray determination of the Universe's star-formation history
• Infrared Emission from the Radio Supernebula in NGC 5253: A Proto-Globular Cluster?
• Mid- and Far-infrared Luminosity Functions and Galaxy Evolution from Multiwavelength Spitzer Observations up to z~2.5
• Extragalactic Background Light from Hierarchical Galaxy Formation: Gamma-ray Attenuation up to the Epoch of Cosmic Reionization and the First Stars
• Determination of intergalactic magnetic fields from gamma ray data
• Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): Panchromatic Data Release (far-UV --- far-IR) and the low-z energy budget
• The Rising Star-Formation Histories of Distant Galaxies and Implications for Gas Accretion with Time
• The evolution of the luminosity functions in the FORS Deep Field from low to high redshift: I. The blue bands
• New synthesis models of consistent extragalactic background light over cosmic time
• CANDELS Multiwavelength Catalogs: Source Identification and Photometry in the CANDELS COSMOS Survey Field
• The Cosmic Infrared Background at 1.25 microns and 2.2 microns using DIRBE and 2MASS: a contribution not due to galaxies ?
• A new measurement of the evolving near-infrared galaxy luminosity function out to z~4: a continuing challenge to theoretical models of galaxy formation
• Evolution of the Luminosity Function, Star Formation Rate, Morphology and Size of Star-forming Galaxies Selected at Rest-frame 1500A and 2800A
• SHARDS: an optical spectro-photometric survey of distant galaxies
• Extra-galactic background light measurements from the far-UV to the far-IR from deep ground and space-based galaxy counts
• Fermi Large Area Telescope Constraints on the Gamma-ray Opacity of the Universe
• On the Origin of Near-Infrared Extragalactic Background Light Anisotropy
• UV-to-FIR analysis of Spitzer/IRAC sources in the Extended Groth Strip II: Photometric redshifts, Stellar masses and Star formation rates
• Constraints on the Intergalactic Magnetic Field with Gamma-Ray Observations of Blazars
• Uv-to-fir analysis of spitzer/irac sources in the extended groth strip i: Multi-wavelength photometry and spectral energy distributions
• The rest-frame optical luminosity functions of galaxies at 2<z<3.5
• Detection of the Cosmic Far-Infrared Background in the AKARI Deep Field South
• New Spectral Evidence of an Unaccounted Component of the Near-infrared Extragalactic Background Light from the CIBER
• Detection of the cosmic γ-ray horizon from multiwavelength observations of blazars
• Cosmic Optical Background: the View from Pioneer 10/11
• Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): A forensic SED reconstruction of the cosmic star formation history and metallicity evolution by galaxy type
• Measurement of the Extragalactic Background Light using MAGIC and Fermi-LAT gamma-ray observations of blazars up to z = 1
• An Empirically Based Model for Predicting Infrared Luminosity Functions, Deep Infrared Galaxy Counts and the Diffuse Infrared Background
• A new measurement of the Hubble constant and matter content of the Universe using extragalactic background light $\gamma$-ray attenuation
• Mid-Infrared Determination of Total Infrared Luminosity and Star Formation Rates of Local and High-Redshift Galaxies
• Two-phase galaxy evolution: the cosmic star-formation histories of spheroids and discs
• An Empirical Determination of the Intergalactic Background Light from UV to FIR Wavelengths Using FIR Deep Galaxy Surveys and the Gamma-ray Opacity of the Universe
• New Horizons Observations of the Cosmic Optical Background
• Measurement of the EBL spectral energy distribution using the VHE gamma-ray spectra of H.E.S.S. blazars
• The cosmic star formation rate evolution from z=5 to z=0 from the VIMOS VLT Deep Survey
• Spitzer and Herschel-based SEDs of 24um-bright z~0.3-3.0 starbursts and obscured quasars
• Limits on the extragalactic background light in the Fermi era
• Constraining blazar distances with combined Fermi and TeV data: an empirical approach
• HDUV: The Hubble Deep UV Legacy Survey
• The Ultraviolet Luminosity Function of GALEX Galaxies at Photometric Redshifts Between 0.07 and 0.25
• Spectral analysis of Fermi-LAT blazars above 50 GeV
• Intergalactic Magnetic Fields and Gamma Ray Observations of Extreme TeV Blazars
• A GeV-TeV Measurement of the Extragalactic Background Light
• Extragalactic background Light: a measurement at 400 nm using dark cloud shadow II. Spectroscopic separation of dark cloud's light, and results
• Reconstructing the γ-ray Photon Optical Depth of the Universe to z~4 from Multiwavelength Galaxy Survey Data
• Axion-like particle imprint in cosmological very-high-energy sources
• Pathways to quiescence: SHARDS view on the Star Formation Histories of massive quiescent galaxies at 1.0 < z < 1.5
• Measurement of the expansion rate of the Universe from γ-ray attenuation
• Modelling the cosmic spectral energy distribution and extragalactic background light over all time
• Constraints on QSO emissivity using H I and He II Lyman alpha forest
• The Cosmic Far-Infrared Background Buildup Since Redshift 2 at 70 and 160 microns in the COSMOS and GOODS fields
• Measurement of the extragalactic background light spectral energy distribution with VERITAS
• A complete census of Herschel-detected infrared sources within the HST Frontier Fields
• Constraints on the Extragalactic Background Light from Very High Energy Gamma-Ray Observations of Blazars
• A method for setting upper limits to the extragalactic background light with Fermi-LAT and TeV observations of blazars
• The 1 um discontinuity in the Extragalactic Background Light spectrum: an artefact of foreground subtraction
• {\it Fermi}-LAT Stacking Analysis Technique: An Application to Extreme Blazars and Prospects for their CTA Detection
• Systematic Physical Characterization of the Gamma-Ray Spectra of 2FHL Blazars
• Quantifying the suppression of the (un)-obscured star formation in galaxy cluster cores at 0.2$\lesssim$$z$$\lesssim$0.9
• Zodiacal Light Beyond Earth Orbit Observed with Pioneer 10
• Lorentz Invariance Violation Effects on Gamma-Gamma Absorption and Compton Scattering
• Very high energy $\gamma$-ray emission from two blazars of unknown redshift and upper limits on their distance
• Probing the EBL evolution at high redshift using GRBs detected with the Fermi-LAT
• Galaxy And Mass Assembly: the evolution of the cosmic spectral energy distribution from z = 1 to z = 0
• Gamma-Ray Absorption By The Cosmic Lyman Continuum From Star-forming Galaxies
• On the origin of the optical and near-infrared extragalactic background light

Cited by in corpus (75)

• A tera-electronvolt afterglow from a narrow jet in an extremely bright gamma-ray burst 221009A
• The Fourth Catalog of Active Galactic Nuclei Detected by the Fermi Large Area Telescope -- Data Release 3
• Very high energy gamma-ray emission beyond 10 TeV from GRB 221009A
• Anomalous Flux in the Cosmic Optical Background Detected With New Horizons Observations
• Possible Evidence for Lorentz Invariance Violation in Gamma-ray Burst 221009A
• Observability of the very-high-energy emission from GRB 221009A
• White Paper and Roadmap for Quantum Gravity Phenomenology in the Multi-Messenger Era
• Probing the Blue Axion with Cosmic Optical Background Anisotropies
• Modeling the Extragalactic Background Light and the Cosmic Star Formation History
• The cosmic optical background excess, dark matter, and line-intensity mapping
• Stringent Tests of Lorentz Invariance Violation from LHAASO Observations of GRB 221009A
• SKYSURF: Constraints on Zodiacal Light and Extragalactic Background Light through Panchromatic HST All-Sky Surface-Brightness Measurements: I. Survey Overview and Methods
• Discovery of Very-high-energy Gamma-ray Emissions from the Low Luminosity AGN NGC 4278 by LHAASO
• Cosmic Near-infrared Background Tomography with SPHEREx Using Galaxy Cross-correlations
• GRB 221009A Gamma Rays from Radiative Decay of Heavy Neutrinos?
• Probing Intra-Halo Light with Galaxy Stacking in CIBER Images
• Hunting extreme BL Lacertae blazars with Fermi-LAT
• Seeking dark matter with $\gamma$-ray attenuation
• Constraints on Lorentz invariance violation from the LHAASO observation of GRB 221009A
• SKYSURF: Constraints on Zodiacal Light and Extragalactic Background Light through Panchromatic HST All-Sky Surface-Brightness Measurements: II. First Limits on Diffuse Light at 1.25, 1.4, and 1.6 microns
• Constraints on Axion-like Particles from the Observation of GRB 221009A by LHAASO
• The origin of very-high-energy gamma-rays from GRB 221009A: implications for reverse shock proton synchrotron emission
• Curvature in the very-high energy gamma-ray spectrum of M87
• Novel bounds on decaying axionlike particle dark matter from the cosmic background
• Carpet-3 detection of a photon-like air shower with estimated primary energy above 100 TeV in a spatial and temporal coincidence with GRB 221009A
• First constraints on the strength of the extragalactic magnetic field from $\gamma$-ray observations of GRB 221009A
• High-energy gamma-ray emission from memory-burdened primordial black holes
• Identifying the 3FHL catalog: V. Results of the CTIO-COSMOS optical spectroscopy campaign 2019
• Multi-TeV photons from GRB 221009A: uncertainty of optical depth considered
• Implications of photon-ALP oscillations in the extragalactic neutrino source TXS 0506+056 at sub-PeV energies
• Constraints on the intergalactic magnetic field strength from $\gamma$-ray observations of GRB 221009A
• Implication of GRB 221009A: Can TeV Emission Come from the GRB Prompt Phase?
• Probing the evolution of the EBL photon density out to $z\sim 1$ via $\gamma$-ray propagation measurements with Fermi
• Probing photon-ALP oscillations from the MAGIC observations of FSRQ QSO B1420+326
• $\gamma$-Cascade V4: A Semi-Analytical Code for Modeling Cosmological Gamma-Ray Propagation
• Optical spectroscopic characterization of Fermi blazar candidates of uncertain type with TNG and DOT: First Results
• Near-infrared Extragalactic Background Light Fluctuations on Nonlinear Scales
• Superheavy Supersymmetric Dark Matter for the origin of KM3NeT Ultra-High Energy signal
• Approaches to photon absorption in a Lorentz invariance violation scenario
• Exploring TeV candidates of Fermi blazars through machine learning
• The 300 TeV photon from GRB 221009A: a Hint at Non-linear Lorentz Invariance Violation?
• Excess Ultraviolet Emission at High Galactic Latitudes: A New Horizons View
• Exploring the Most Extreme Gamma-Ray Blazars Using Broadband Spectral Energy Distributions
• The relation between optical and $\gamma$-ray emission in BL Lac sources
• Using Lyman Alpha Absorption to Measure the Intensity and Variability of $z\sim 2.4$ Ultraviolet Background Light
• XMM-NuSTAR Observation and Multiwavelength SED Modeling of Blazar 4FGL J1520.8-0348
• A Systematic Search for Spectral Hardening in Blazar Flares with the Fermi-Large Area Telescope
• Constraints on the intergalactic magnetic field from Fermi-LAT observations of GRB 221009A
• Blazars Jets and prospects for TeV-PeV neutrinos & gamma-rays through cosmic-ray interactions
• TeV afterglow from GRB 221009A: photohadronic origin?
• Constraints on VHE gamma-ray emission of Flat Spectrum Radio Quasars with the MAGIC telescopes
• Constraints on Extragalactic Background Light using TeV Observations of BL Lacertae objects
• Revisiting the propagation of highly-energetic gamma rays in the Galaxy
• A Unified Multi-Wavelength Data Analysis Workflow with gammapy. Constraining the Broadband Emission of FSRQ OP 313
• Combined search in dwarf spheroidal galaxies for branon dark matter annihilation signatures with the MAGIC telescopes
• Redshift constrain of BL Lac PKS 1424+240
• New Insights on Gamma-Ray Burst Radiation Mechanisms from Multiwavelength Observations
• VHE $\gamma$-ray observations of bright BL Lacs with the Large-Sized Telescope prototype (LST-1) of the CTAO
• Testing new-physics scenarios with the combined LHAASO and Carpet-3 fluence spectrum of GRB 221009A: axion-like particles and Lorentz-invariance violation
• Constraining dark photon parameters based on the very high energy observations of blazars
• The influence of the Sun and Moon on the observation of very high energy gamma-ray sources using EAS arrays
• A model-driven search for extreme BL Lacs among LAT BCU
• Constraints on axionlike particles from 16.5 years of Fermi-LAT data and prospects for VLAST
• SKYSURF. X. A Novel Method for Measuring Integrated Galaxy Light
• LHAASO Galactic Plane $\gamma$-rays Strongly Constrain Heavy Dark Matter
• Constraints on axion-like particles from ultra-high-energy observations of M87 with the HAWC observatory
• Catching TeV emission from GRB 221009A and alike with LHAASO, LACT and SWGO
• A photohadronic interpretation of the H.E.S.S. afterglow observations from GRB 221009A
• Is There New Physics Beyond 30 TeV in the BOAT?
• Photon Absorption in a Doubly Special Relativity Model with Undeformed Free Propagation and Total Momentum Conservation
• Projected sensitivity of CTAO to axion-like particles from blazars with a machine learning approach
• Gamma rays as leptonic portals to energetic neutrinos: a new Monte Carlo approach
• Constraining the synchrotron peak and estimating the VHE brightness of a sample of extreme high synchrotron peak blazars
• $\gamma$ rays run on time
• UHECRs Propagation and their Multimessengers: Upper limits and the Impact of the Extragalactic Magnetic Field