The Spectra of IceCube Neutrino (SIN) candidate sources -- V. Modeling and interpretation of multiwavelength and neutrino data

Abstract

A correlation has been reported between the arrival directions of high-energy IceCube events and gamma-ray blazars classified as intermediate- and high-synchrotron-peaked BL Lacs. Subsequent studies have investigated the optical properties of these sources, analyzed public multiwavelength data, and constrained their individual neutrino emission based on public IceCube data. In this work, we provide a theoretical interpretation of public multiwavelength and neutrino point source data for the 32 BL Lac objects in the sample previously associated with an IceCube alert event. We have performed particle interaction modeling using open-source numerical simulation software. We constrained the model parameters using a novel and unique approach that simultaneously describes the host galaxy contribution, the observed synchrotron peak, the multiwavelength fluxes, and the IceCube point source constraints. We show that a single-zone leptohadronic model can describe the multiwavelength fluxes from the 32 IceCube candidates. In some cases, the model suggests that hadronic emission may contribute a considerable fraction of the gamma-ray flux. The required power in relativistic protons ranges from a few percent to a factor of ten of the Eddington luminosity, which is energetically less demanding compared to other leptohadronic blazar models in recent literature. The model can describe the 68% confidence level IceCube flux for a large fraction of the masquerading BL Lacs in the sample, including TXS 0506+056; whereas, for true BL Lacs, the model predicts a low neutrino flux in the IceCube sensitivity range. The predicted neutrino flux peaks between a few PeV and 100 PeV and scales positively with the flux in the GeV, MeV, X-ray, and optical bands. Based on these results, we provide a list of the brightest neutrino emitters, which can be used for future searches targeting the 10-100 PeV regime.

arXiv commentAccepted for publication in A&A on 3 June 2024

References in corpus (70)

• Unified Schemes for Radio-Loud Active Galactic Nuclei
• A Unified Approach to the Classical Statistical Analysis of Small Signals
• Composite Quasar Spectra From the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• Evidence for High-Energy Extraterrestrial Neutrinos at the IceCube Detector
• Spectral Energy Distributions and Multiwavelength Selection of Type 1 Quasars
• Multi-messenger observations of a flaring blazar coincident with high-energy neutrino IceCube-170922A
• Neutrino emission from the direction of the blazar TXS 0506+056 prior to the IceCube-170922A alert
• Estimating Black Hole Masses in Active Galaxies Using the Halpha Emission Line
• First observation of PeV-energy neutrinos with IceCube
• Extragalactic Background Light Inferred from AEGIS Galaxy SED-type Fractions
• BL Lac Objects in the Synchrotron Proton Blazar Model
• IceCube-Gen2: The Window to the Extreme Universe
• Canonical high power blazars
• Evidence for neutrino emission from the nearby active galaxy NGC 1068
• A combined maximum-likelihood analysis of the high-energy astrophysical neutrino flux measured with IceCube
• Comptonization of Infrared Radiation from Hot Dust by Relativistic Jets in Quasars
• Seventeen Tidal Disruption Events from the First Half of ZTF Survey Observations: Entering a New Era of Population Studies
• Evidence for Astrophysical Muon Neutrinos from the Northern Sky with IceCube
• Hidden Cosmic-Ray Accelerators as an Origin of TeV-PeV Cosmic Neutrinos
• Diffuse Neutrino Intensity from the Inner Jets of Active Galactic Nuclei: Impacts of External Photon Fields and the Blazar Sequence
• A Multimessenger Picture of the Flaring Blazar TXS 0506+056: implications for High-Energy Neutrino Emission and Cosmic Ray Acceleration
• The blazar sequence: a new perspective
• The Giant Radio Array for Neutrino Detection (GRAND): Science and Design
• Updating quasar bolometric luminosity corrections
• Near-infrared template spectra of normal galaxies: k-corrections, galaxy models and stellar populations
• A hadronic origin for ultra-high-frequency-peaked BL Lac objects
• A diversity of dusty AGN tori: Data release for the VLTI/MIDI AGN Large Program and first results for 23 galaxies
• Improved Characterization of the Astrophysical Muon-Neutrino Flux with 9.5 Years of IceCube Data
• The blazar TXS 0506+056 associated with a high-energy neutrino: insights into extragalactic jets and cosmic ray acceleration
• Modelling the coincident observation of a high-energy neutrino and a bright blazar flare
• Lepto-hadronic single-zone models for the electromagnetic and neutrino emission of TXS 0506+056
• Hidden Cores of Active Galactic Nuclei as the Origin of Medium-Energy Neutrinos: Critical Tests with the MeV Gamma-Ray Connection
• Photohadronic origin of $\gamma$-ray BL Lac emission: implications for IceCube neutrinos
• TXS 0506+056, the first cosmic neutrino source, is not a BL Lac
• Spitzer Observations of 3C Quasars and Radio Galaxies: Mid-Infrared Properties of Powerful Radio Sources
• The innermost dusty structure in active galactic nuclei as probed by the Keck interferometer
• Are both BL Lacs and pulsar wind nebulae the astrophysical counterparts of IceCube neutrino events?
• Leptohadronic blazar models applied to the 2014-15 flare of TXS 0506+056
• Constraints on the Extremely High-Energy Cosmic Ray Accelerators from Classical Electrodynamics
• On the origin of gamma rays in Fermi blazars: beyond the broad line region
• Cascading Constraints from Neutrino Emitting Blazars: The case of TXS 0506+056
• A simplified view of blazars: the neutrino background
• Design and Sensitivity of the Radio Neutrino Observatory in Greenland (RNO-G)
• Dissecting the regions around IceCube high-energy neutrinos: growing evidence for the blazar connection
• Gammapy: A Python package for gamma-ray astronomy
• Bethe-Heitler emission in BL Lacs: filling the gap between X-rays and $\gamma$-rays
• Multi-Epoch Modeling of TXS 0506+056 and Implications for Long-Term High-Energy Neutrino Emission
• A multi-messenger study of the blazar PKS 0735+178: a new major neutrino source candidate
• Lepto-hadronic $\gamma$-ray and neutrino emission from the jet of TXS 0506+056
• Multi-wavelength and neutrino emission from blazar PKS 1502+106
• IceCat-1: the IceCube Event Catalog of Alert Tracks
• High energy neutrino flux from individual blazar flares
• Patterns in the multi-wavelength behavior of candidate neutrino blazars
• Interpretation of the diffuse astrophysical neutrino flux in terms of the blazar sequence
• A Case for Radio Galaxies as the Sources of IceCube's Astrophysical Neutrino Flux
• The TeV Diffuse Cosmic Neutrino Spectrum and the Nature of Astrophysical Neutrino Sources
• Leptohadronic Multimessenger Modeling of 324 Gamma-Ray Blazars
• Comprehensive Multimessenger Modeling of the Extreme Blazar 3HSP J095507.9+355101 and Predictions for IceCube
• Proton Synchrotron $\gamma$-rays and the Energy Crisis in Blazars
• The Open Universe VOU-Blazars tool
• Constraints of Flat Spectrum Radio Quasars in the hadronic model: the case of 3C 273
• The Spectra of IceCube Neutrino (SIN) candidate sources -- II. Source Characterisation
• Calibrating Emission Lines as Quasar Bolometers
• The neutrino background from non-jetted active galactic nuclei
• M_BH - sigma relation in SDSS flat-spectrum radio quasars
• The spectra of IceCube Neutrino (SIN) candidate sources -- III. Optical spectroscopy and source characterization of the full sample
• The spectra of IceCube neutrino candidate sources -- I. Optical spectroscopy of blazars
• Search for Continuous and Transient Neutrino Emission Associated with IceCube's Highest-Energy Tracks: An 11-Year Analysis
• A closer look at the electromagnetic signatures of Bethe-Heitler pair production process in blazars
• The Spectra of IceCube Neutrino (SIN) candidate sources -- IV. Spectral energy distributions and multi-wavelength variability

Cited by in corpus (7)

• Multi-epoch leptohadronic modeling of neutrino source candidate blazar PKS 0735+178
• Very-high-energy gamma-ray detection and long-term multi-wavelength view of the flaring blazar B2 1811+31
• Hillas meets Eddington: The case for blazars as ultra-high-energy neutrino sources
• Impact of model parameter degeneracy on leptonic radiation models. The case of blazar multi-wavelength spectra
• Neutrinos from extreme astrophysical sources
• Impact of multi-messenger spectral modelling on blazar-neutrino associations
• Identifying multiplets of IceCube alert events