Theoretical modeling of the exceptional GRB 221009A afterglow

Abstract

The extraordinary gamma-ray burst GRB 221009A provides a great opportunity to investigate the enigmatic origin and evolution of GRBs. However, the complexity of the observations associated with this GRB provides significant challenges to developing a theoretical modeling in a coherent framework. In this paper, we present a theoretical interpretation of the GRB 221009A afterglow within the relativistic fireball scenario, aiming to describe the broadband dataset with a consistent model evolution. We find that the adiabatic fireball evolution in the slow-cooling regime provides a viable scenario in good agreement with observations. Crucial to our analysis is the set of simultaneous GeV and TeV gamma-ray data obtained by AGILE and LHAASO during the early afterglow phases. Having successfully modeled as inverse Compton emission the high-energy spectral and lightcurve properties of the afterglow up to $10^4$ s, we extend our model to later times when also optical and X-ray data are available. This approach results in a coherent physical framework that successfully describes all observed properties of the afterglow up to very late times, approximately $10^6$ s. Our model requires time-variable microphysical parameters, with a moderately increasing efficiency ${\epsilon }_e$ of a few percent for transferring the shock energy to radiating particles and a decreasing efficiency for magnetic field generation ${\epsilon }_B$ in the range $10^{-5}$-$10^{-7}$. Fitting the detailed multifrequency spectral data across the afterglow provides a unique test of our model.

arXiv commentPublished in ApJL

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• TeV Afterglows of Gamma-Ray Bursts: Theoretical Analysis and Prospects for Future Observations
• GRB 221009A: Observations with LST-1 of CTAO and Implications for Structured Jets in Long Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Catching TeV emission from GRB 221009A and alike with LHAASO, LACT and SWGO