External Inverse-Compton and Proton Synchrotron Emission from the Reverse Shock as the Origin of VHE Gamma-Rays from the Hyper-Bright GRB 221009A

Abstract

The detection of the hyper-bright gamma-ray burst (GRB) 221009A enables us to explore the nature of GRB emission and the origin of very-high-energy (VHE) gamma-rays. We analyze the $Fermi$-LAT data and investigate GeV-TeV emission in the framework of the external reverse shock model. We show that early $\sim 1-10$ GeV emission can be explained by the external inverse-Compton mechanism via upscattering MeV gamma-rays by electrons accelerated at the reverse shock, in addition to the synchrotron self-Compton component. The predicted early optical flux could have been brighter than the naked-eye GRB 080319B. We also show that proton synchrotron emission from accelerated ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) is detectable, and could potentially explain $\gtrsim \mathrm{TeV}$ photons detected by LHAASO or UHECR acceleration can be constrained. Our model suggests that the detection of $\mathcal{O}(10\mathrm{TeV})$ photons with energy up to $\sim 18$ TeV is possible for reasonable models of the extragalactic background light without invoking new physics, and predicts anti-correlations between MeV photons and TeV photons, which can be tested with the LHAASO data.

9 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in ApJL. Results and figures are updated, and the main conclusions remain unchanged

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• Very high energy gamma-ray emission beyond 10 TeV from GRB 221009A
• GRB 221009A: An ordinary nearby GRB with extraordinary observational properties
• A Narrow Uniform Core with a Wide Structured Wing: Modeling the TeV and Multi-wavelength Afterglows of GRB 221009A
• Gamma rays from a reverse shock with turbulent magnetic fields in GRB 180720B
• Revisiting Tests of Lorentz Invariance with Gamma-ray Bursts: Effects of Intrinsic Lags
• The origin of very-high-energy gamma-rays from GRB 221009A: implications for reverse shock proton synchrotron emission
• Theoretical modeling of the exceptional GRB 221009A afterglow
• GRB 221009A: Spectral signatures based on ALPs candidates
• GRB 221009A and the Apparently Most Energetic Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Camelidae on BOAT: observation of a second spectral component in GRB 221009A
• Very high-energy gamma rays from GRB 180720B and GRB 190829A with external Compton emission
• Modelling multiwavelength afterglows of the VHE-GRB population
• TeV afterglow from GRB 221009A: photohadronic origin?
• Off-axis MeV and very-high-energy gamma-ray emissions from structured gamma-ray burst jets
• Modeling the imprints of large-scale magnetized structures on $\gamma$-rays from extragalactic transients